Monday, September 30, 2019

Radium Girls

Isn’t it scary to think that someone could keep a huge secret from you, a secret so big that it could potentially kill you and hundreds of other people? This happened in the 1920’s and changed many people’s lives forever. Today, I’m going to share with you something that had a big effect not only as u as a country but us as the Illinois Valley. My topic is the Radium Girls of Ottawa. This is a topic that I know much about; I did my 8th grade history fair project on this, read a few books about it, and even interviewed two of the radium girls.My three main points will be what the radium dial company was, who the living dead girls were, and the after effects of this tragedy. My first point is the Radium Dial company, according to the book Deadly Glow, in 1922 the radium dial company moved from Peru Il, to Ottawa and hired hundreds of girls to paint the dials of WWI and WWII clock faces. The paint used was called luna that contained radium to make the watch g low in the dark.To get the dials perfect the girls were told to wet the tip of the brush with their lips. Their boss failed to mention that radium can cause anything from cancer anemia, bone fractures and necrosis of the jaw, known as radium jaw. Their boss knew about the dangers but told them it would only make their cheeks rosy. Unaware of the dangers the girls would paint their teeth, nails, skin, and hair and turn off the lights so they could glow. This brings me to my second main point, who were the society of the living dead?According to the book Radium Girls, after a year the girls started to complain about jaw pains and their teeth started to fall out. They demanded to be seen by doctors, only to be lied to about not having radium in them and they were perfectly healthy. The doctors who saw them knew they had radium in them, but didn’t tell them. This started their group â€Å"the society of the living dead† the girls were filing for unsafe working conditions. Catherine Donohue was the leader and she was one of the girls who were affected the most.Even through her illness she still won the case that granted all the girls $10,000 to split amongst themselves and all their medical bills were paid. Some of the girls benefited from the case, but money could never heal their mental and eternal illness. The death toll in Ottawa was 35, and 4,000 nation. My third and final point is the aftermath of the case. In my interview with June Menne and Pauline Fuller in October of 2010 both who worked for the radium dial company at this time shared a little information on just how things hanged. Even though a lot of the young girls died before they reached thirty, this tragedy changed lasws that ban people form working hands on with deadly chemicals and right to sue corporations for labor abuse. The building was torn down in 1969. The governor then appointed 2 million dollars to clean up the radium. This tragedy is still affecting Ottawa today, there was a test in 2007 for radium detection and to this day it is still scattered in Ottawa. Thankfully there have been no other cases of anything like this.It just shows that something bad has to happen before things will change. On September 2, 2011 a statue was put up of a girl holding a wilted tulip in one hand and a paintbrush in another to remember the tragedy. Thank you for listening to my speech on the radium girls. I hope you learned my three main points which were what was the Radium Dial Company, who the society of the living dead was and what the effects of this case had on our nation. Any questions?

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Labrouste and Ledoux

Henri Labrouste and Claude Ledoux were French architects during the 18th and 19th centuries and are pioneers of modern architecture. Henri Labrouste was born in 1801 and was the product of the renowned Ecole des Beaux Arts School of Architecture. He believed that architecture should reflect society, and his work reflects the rationalism and technical aspects of industrial society. His work also embodies the ideals of writer Victor Hugo, who believed that architecture is a form of communication, like literature, and that in the beginning phases of construction it expressed the generalization of society and social commonalities. Claude Ledoux was born in 1736 and was one of the earliest exponents of neoclassical architecture. He gained architectural relevance after marrying the daughter of someone who worked for the royal court and was offered a job for the courts Water and Forestry Department. He was considered a utopian architect and had some very modern ideas about industrial production, urban planning, and territorial intelligence. Henri Labrouste was one of the first architects to master using iron structure in an aesthetically pleasing way. Iron had already been used in structures like train stations, but never in a formal interior environment, as in a library. One example of his skillful use of iron is in the library, Bibliotheque Ste. Genevieve, where he incorporated past masonry construction practices with iron. He kept the huge arches of past churches, but instead of using heavy stones he used iron trusses for support. With this new design, the exterior walls no longer had to hold all of the forces from the arches, and the iron supports could simply rest on top of the walls. The walls were also modified with the use of iron by essentially applying reinforcement bars encased with plaster to make thinner walls, that had just as much strength as previous thicker walls. Since the new iron arches are so strong, Labrouste was able to take pieces out to create a design and pattern out of the support itself. Even the connections between the arch and columns or walls were made to look decorative and light while keeping a strong connection, which he also did in Bibliotheque Imperiale, but with domes rather than barrel vaults. In another one of his libraries, he Bibliotheque Nationale de France, he once again used massive arches and domes of antiquity, but manages to make the dome look very light by inserting oculi and supporting it by thin, reinforced columns. The dome is made from plaster, but has a web of steel to allow for it to be thinner and to support the massive openings that are covered in glass. Unlike Bibliotheque Ste. Genevieve, he hides almost all of t he steel structure so that it looks like a feat of engineering and design to have such a large dome that is so thin and supported by such thin columns. Labrouste was on the forefront of integrating new technology with past materials and design concepts. Rather than using new materials like Labrouste, Claude Ledoux used new ideas to establish a new architectural language. He designed many tollhouses around the walls of Paris through his connection to the royal court. Many of them resembled Greek and Roman temples but had new elements that gave them a modern look. He travelled to England in 1769 and became very familiar with Palladio and since then usually used a cubic style with a broken portico that allowed any structure to look important. He built several homes during his time in England, including the King’s mistress, who became a good connection for Ledoux in later years. In his work, Barriere des Bons-Hommes, he simplifies architecture down to its purest form by essentially placing a large cube on stilts, much like later architect Le Corbusier did in his Villa Savoye. One of Ledoux’s most notable works was the Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans where he explored the concept of an ideal community. He located the community near a forest, rather than a source of salt water because it would be more efficient to transport water than wood for the furnaces. It was constructed in 1775 and was intended to be a multi-phase project, but after 1778 construction stopped with only the first phase complete. The design still functioned as intended with a central building for the controllers that was between the two furnaces and had a view of all of the housing. All of the buildings would act independent from one another but were still placed in a logical order to allow for maximum efficiency, such as the placement of the blacksmiths near the furnaces. The perfectly circular design was also intended to evoke the harmony of the ideal city. Ledoux was one of the first architects to design such thought out communities and maximize efficiency through the use of architecture and explore the concept of a self-sustaining utopian society. As he put, â€Å"unfortunate is the one who fails to see in reality what he is being made to see, who is unable to imagine,† showing how ahead of his time he was with his concept of designing ideal societies. Claude Ledoux and Henri Labrouste were two of the most important neoclassical architects because of their innovative thoughts and designs. Labrouste successfully experimented with the use of iron to innovate his designs and change the way buildings were built forever. Through the simplification of design and studying of geometries, Ledoux pioneered the concept of utopian communities and maximizing resources and efficiency. Ledoux and Labrouste were at the forefront of modernity and their concept of design are still used and perfected to this day.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Vicarious Liability Module 3 ( CASE) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vicarious Liability Module 3 ( CASE) - Essay Example For instance, it is the employers of any organization who are duly considered to be accountable for the unlawful activities performed by their respective personnel. Conversely, the term corporate liability denotes the employers or the administrative officials of a particular firm who are held liable for performing varied illegal actions rather than the individual personnel and the employees (Anselmi, 2012). One of the mistakes, which can be apparently identified in the case of â€Å"Norton v. Argonaut Insurance Co.† is the inappropriate use of the medication plan. In this context, the negligence activity performed by the nurse in terms of administering the medication plan appropriately, which resulted overdose of the medicines, eventually caused death of the infant. In context to the above discussed case, it can be indicated that the notion of vicarious liability might be applied (Leagle, Inc., 2014). As the administrator or the chief of nursing, I would like to follow certain steps for preventing such happening of mistake again. In this regard, one of such steps I will desire to implement is providing effective training to the staff. This would include a program of remaining stress free within the healthcare environment. Moreover, apart from this step, I would also try to make sure that every nurse within the organization must take valuable advices of the senior officials while catering to the requirements of the patients. In ancient times, there does not lay adequate level of valuable resources in providing effective care to the patients. Moreover, the technology was not upgraded, which eventually resulted the occurrence of such sort of mistake. However, in this present day context, the increased extent of globalization and adoption along with execution of pioneering technological advancements have lessened such kind of mistake as compared to the earlier years. It has been witnessed that

Friday, September 27, 2019

Management Accounting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management Accounting - Research Paper Example In a case where the building is not being utilized, the cost which is $9000 will be paid. Explanation: The variable unit cost (unit cost of hamburgers) remains the same even if the number of units sold change. However the total cost increases as the increased number units is multiplied by the unit cost. On the other hand the unit fixed cost and total fixed cost (building rent) remains the same since its cost is not dependent on the number of units sold therefore all the cost has to be paid for the rent. Financial accounting illustrates the performance of a business over specific periods (usually at the end of an accounting year). They are directed towards external users of accounting information such as investors and creditors. These accounts typically present a historic view on the financial performance of the business [1] Management accounting is used by the management to record, plan and control the activities of a business and to help in taking decisions. They can be made for any period or accounting year. It provides information for internal users like the employees, managers, and executives of the company. Management accounts largely focus on analyzing historical performance to give budgets and forecasts for the future. [1] GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles) and Accounting Standards are followed in financial accounting while in managerial accounting there are no legal requirements to prepare management accounts. [2] Reporting Format In management accounting confidential financial reports are prepared for the exclusive use of top management within an organization. Specific accounting formulas and equations are used to reach to these reports. Such reports may include: Sales Forecasting reports; Budget analysis and comparative analysis; Feasibility studies; Merger and consolidation reports While on the other hand financial accounting helps prepare financial reports, that include the basic reporting requirements of profitability, liquidity, solvency and stability. Both internal and external users can view these reports. [2] Time Period of Information Managerial Accounting gives the management those reports that are future-oriented, while Financial Accounting give reports based on historical information to use statistical methods to reach at future values. [2] Detail of Information The details from financial accounts provide information on the business as one unit rather than analyzing the different elements of the business. [2] The management accounts focus on specific areas of the activities performed by the business such as information about its products, the different locations of business or the information about the departments. [2] Nature of Information The nature of information provided by financial accounts is mostly monetary. While management accou

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Integrated Communication Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Integrated Communication Marketing - Assignment Example The most influencing method is the one that converts potential customer to an actual customer (Castronovo and Huang). Event based marketing is the method that has influenced most on the purchasing decision. The reason is attention gained by the sellers and also the right customers being targeted through the well designed events. The method is though costly as compared to other ones but is accurate. The methods that are very common, spamming and random are least influencing methods (Castronovo and Huang). Such methods include email marketing which does not necessarily target the potential customers and the people usually ignore such marketing messages. More than the method, the designed message and the way render it most or least influencing. Mobile marketing influenced once resulting in purchase decision. The message was about the internet package being offered by the marketing personnel. However it was a random message but hit the head’s nail. At another instance at a sports event, the message regarding soccer kit resulted in purchase

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Book Analysis Evironmantalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Book Analysis Evironmantalism - Essay Example Richard white view on environmentalism is that nature can act multipurpose to provide for human beings. This is evident by the fact that humans get food from the Columbian river and they generate hydroelectric power from the river. His view is the division of nature into different parts to maximize productivity and enhances development from nature. Richard White has evidently addressed with humans controlling nature to profit them, there are many consequences accompanied with it. Some people start wars claiming they own certain parts of nature and this erupts to social and political wars. This evident when the some people in Colombia tried to divert the course of the river to suit their social and political interest. This kind of actions results in struggles and oppositions about certain forms of nature. These struggles show that humans are fighting and claiming something they have not created and they do not have full rights of that natural resource. Richard perilously emphasizes th at what was supposed to happen did not happen in accordance to nature. Richard’s environmental concept is that humans can get all forms of energy from nature and use it for development purposes. This is emphasized through the generation of hydroelectric power for electricity, and the salmon fish that provide calories for human beings. He argues that the natural resources can provide the needed energy in the making of political and financial decisions that will enhance the developmental process3. Richard white addresses the misfortunes of human beings of trying to over control nature. With an aim of getting profits from nature, human beings have tried to dominate nature, which is not practical. This has resulted in conflicts between nature and human beings, as nature is not ready to conform to man’s ideas. Both nature and human begins end up becoming losers because they are unable to connect. This is because humans are trying to divide nature so as to maximizing profit thus forgetting the social values that should be upheld. Edward Abbeys Form of Environmentalist Edward Abbey’s form of environmentalist is one that advocates for the preservation and protection of the environment and natural resources. This is addressed by how the author brings out characters that are ready to protect a desert from the exploitation of developers.4 The characters in this book are in the move of stopping developers especially those who are in construction areas. These characters are stopping road buildings by destroying the equipments involved in the construction of roads. Edward is advocating for the preservation and conservation of the environment. The author has practically shown how he is ready to protect the environment fully. He is in the campaign of burning down billboards that are advertising construction projects, and he intentionally sabotages the bulldozers that are constructing roads in the quest of protecting the environment. Edward Abbey worked as a forest wanderer whose main aim was the protection of the environment and the conservation of natural resources.

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Employment Law - Essay Example He complains of unfair elimination of his unused vacation. There was no proper written notice of termination of Tomas employment. The company provided a two-week termination payment in lieu of notice. Tomas promotion to a data entry manager made him work for about 55 hours in a week. This made him eligible for overtime because he worked for more than 44 hours in a week. This is because he was promoted a month after his overtime work that is within three months as stated in the Employment Standards Act of 2000. In Zsoldos v. MMMC Inc. Architects, 2005 CanLII, it the plaintiff signed an agreement with the defendant that was legally binding to both parties. Tomas needs compensation for the time off not taken, in addition to the hours he worked during public holidays. He should get time off for the holidays he worked in addition to the three weeks off as stated in the Employment Standards Act. It was not appropriate to eliminate the unused vacation because it could only be legally binding if there was a proper agreement signed in writing and not an oral agreement. This should be effective within seven days of employment termination. The withdrawal of the health benefits was inappropriate because Tomas was still an employee before the major clients seized to do business with Crowne Company. The company should provide the health benefits for the period stated in the contract agreement with the employee. In case of termination of the health benefits, there must be a written notice to the employee. Tomas termination of employment was inappropriate, as his employment with Crown Company lasted for more than three months. In addition, the employer did not give him a proper written notice informing him of the termination of his employment or a pay for the termination. The termination pay in lieu of notice was inappropriate. This is because in case of employment termination the pay in lieu of notice is effective within seven

Monday, September 23, 2019

Humanity and Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Humanity and Global Warming - Essay Example Evidence indicates humanity's direct impact on this trend in the latter half of this century, according to the 2001 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, who base this claim on meteorological and oceanographic models. When these models - which are projected from geologic evidence of the Earth's natural history of climate change - are compared with the reality of today's climate, the difference bears a direct correlation to human output of carbon dioxide. The fossil fuels humans burn through transportation, household heating, and as a power source in general emit carbon dioxide, which in turn accumulate in the upper atmosphere and serve as a blanket by retaining solar heat. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are currently at their highest peak in the last 650,000 years (Fitzpatrick). This blanketing action is commonly referred to as the "Greenhouse effect" and is a naturally occurring phenomenon. Solar energy creates both the weather and climate, as well as warming the surface. The planet in turn reflects this heat back into outer space. The collection of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases in the atmosphere act like window panes on a green house, allowing the energy to enter, but then retaining a significant portion of the energy which allows the planet to remain at a comfortable average of 60F. The natural emission of greenhouse gases by humans has historically been counterbalanced by plant respiration and organic decomposition at a ratio of 10:1. Since the industrial revolution, however, human output of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide have all grown exponentially. Compounding the problem of rising greenhouse gases, increased farming production, mining, industrial pollution, and landfills have resulted in massive deforestation, thereby sign ificantly decreasing the method by which carbon dioxide is converted back into oxygen ("Climate"). Scientists have suspected a connection between human activity and global warming since the early 1920's, yet little conclusive evidence has been observable until the 1970's, when people grew concerned that the drought in the African Sahel was slowly being encroached by the Sahara. In 1975, Jule Charney (a climate modeler) proposed that the Sahel land, which had been largely cleared of vegetation for various reasons, now contained a large amount of exposed clay, which reflected a greater amount of heat, thereby effecting the wind and rain patterns of the region. By 1988, scientists had gathered enough evidence to confirm that cleared land not only warms more than forested land, but the rise in temperature makes it all the more difficult for vegetation to return. Human activity can therefore effect the climate through small changes to an environment's balance, which sets off a progression of effects that alter the environment completely (Weart, "Biosphere"). Today, there are numerous signs of global warming: warming ocean water is altering wind patterns (which combined with the evidence of cleared land warming results in massive droughts), since the melting polar ice masses shift precipitation further away from traditional regions ("Current Science"). Natural weather disasters have increased in

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Commercialized Buddhism in modern China Research Paper

Commercialized Buddhism in modern China - Research Paper Example Shaolin temples are ideal examples of commercialized Buddhism in modern China because of how they apply business values and models to their management philosophy and various monastery and outside activities. Shaolin Temple, in Songshan Mountain, Henan Province, is the oldest and most important of all Buddhist temples, though there are now 10 Shaolin temples in China. In this paper, â€Å"Shaolin Temple† refers to the oldest temple, while Shaolin temples refer to all temples. It analyzes how the commercialization of Buddhism in China affects Buddhism’s image, principles, and practices. Buddhism’s modern acculturation process, primarily through the commercial management of Shaolin temples in Chinas, paradoxically extends and damages its identity because of the growing importance of capitalism in its mindset and the increasing centrality of profits and political interests as its ends, although the same capitalistic mindset does allow for it to exploit modern devices for its goal of educating the public about Buddhism and Shaolin cultures. Shaolin temples are the houses of worship for Buddhists that have become thriving business communities too. The management of Shaolin temples still occurs through abbots. Abbots nowadays work with commercial interests in mind. Ming Xu describes how abbots earn profits through absorbing the capitalism model in the running of their temples. For instance, temples charge for admission to pay for monastery expanses and for supporting its various activities that spread Shaolin and Buddhism cultures all over the world (Xu). This is part of the many money-making efforts of temples, which abbots justify as necessary to the spreading of Buddhism because Buddhism cannot be taught without having food and resources for its teachers and students. Furthermore, Shaolin Temple also actively organizes Shaolin festivals to promote Buddhism. It is now

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Water Conservation Essay Example for Free

Water Conservation Essay How Important is Water?As we all know, water is essential for mankinds survival. However, people seem to believe that our water supply is endless since there is more water than land on this Earth. Water regenerates and is redistributed through evaporation, making it seem endlessly renewable. So why worry?Actually, only one percent of the worlds water has the capability of being used by us. About ninety-seven percent is salty seawater, and two percent is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. That only leaves one percent of the precious water that is to be used by not only people, but used by animals, plants, and food. Dehydration, which is the lack of water, will kill us faster than starvation, which is the lack of food. Since the plants and animals we eat also depend on water, lack of it could cause both dehydration and starvation. Water that looks drinkable can contain harmful elements, which could cause illness and death if ingested (Kreger, 2004). To further deplete our water scarce supply, natural disasters, such as floods, earthquakes, and tornadoes, pose a great peril. However, one natural disaster stands above the rest. This natural disaster is called a drought. Drought, in my opinion, is the worst natural disaster of all. It not only affects us with a dry weather and uncomfortable heat waves, it also affects agriculture, and even drastically change the way we live about (Kreger, 2004). That is why I, as a concerned Californian and fellow inhabitant of Earth, urge people today to conserve water to combat the evils of drought. We, as people, must think of not only how this will affect us. But how it will affect our children- and even grandchildren. I would not like to merely ask people to conserve water; I would like to enforce them to do so. Without water conservation, our limited water supply will diminish over time. What is a Drought?Drought, like a destructing earthquake or flood, is a natural disaster. Drought is an insidious hazard to nature. It results from a deficiency of precipitation over a long period of time over an area. Precipitation is any kind of moisture like rain, snow, and sleet. One can determine how malicious a drought can be by the amount of precipitation, and how long it is (Rupert, 2006). What Are the Causes of Drought?Although the main reason a drought occurs is the lack of precipitation, it is also caused by other factors. High pressure is one of the main contributors of drought. Although a high-pressure system brings clear, cool weather, if the high-pressure system continues for a long period of time, this will eventually lead to a drought (Wikipedia, 2007). Another factor that contributes to the causes of drought is the lack of oceanic air mass. Most dry land is given a nice breeze of water by oceanic winds. However, if these winds are not strong enough to get the evaporated water to the dry lands, these lands will lack the moisture they desperately need (Wikipedia, 2007). Deforestation is known to be the destruction of forests and woodlands. It is also one of the causes that lead up to drought. Deforestation increases the risk of drought by taking all of the groundwater from soil, which they heavily depend on to stay healthy (Collins, 2001). What Are the Effects of a Drought?Most people believe that a drought is not as bad as a hurricane or a tsunami. That is correct. A drought is much more worst than any of those! A drought not only affects the specific regions ecosystem, it impacts the individuals living in the area of and the people living across the country just the same. Drought produces a large number of impacts that affects the social, environmental, and economical way we live our lives. Its affects spread far beyond the effects of the drought alone. Water is essential to produce goods and provide certain services. Some direct impacts of drought are: reduced crop, rangeland, and forest productivity, reduced water levees, increased fire hazard, increased livestock and wildlife deaths, and damage to wildlife and fish habitat. These impacts produce a domino effect. For example, a reduction in crop productivity usually results in less income for farmers, increased prices for food, unemployment, and migration (Think Quest, 2004). Farmers are not the only ones who suffer from droughts. Businessmen who  provide goods and services to farmers must deal with reduced business. This later leads to unemployment and loss of money for the government. The recreational and tourism industries are also affected because tourists do not want to travel to a country that is suffering from a severe water shortage. The shortage of water may lead to the shortage of certain goods results in the costly importation of necessary goods from outside the affected area (Think Quest, 2004). Environmental losses are caused by damages to plant and animal species. Wildlife habitat, and air and water quality are usually damaged due to a lack of water and an increase in forest and range fires. For example, wildlife habitat may be ruined through the loss of wetlands, lakes, and vegetation. Some species of animals may be wiped out from the area as well (Think Quest, 2004). Another way drought can affect people is socially. When a precious commodity like water is in short supply due to drought, and the lack of water creates a lack of food, people will compete to secure enough water to survive. Faced with the other impacts of drought, many people will flee a drought-stricken area in search of a new home with a better supply of water, enough food, and without the disease and conflict that were present in the place they are leaving (West, 2007). Droughts: Three Stages of DangerThere are three different stages of drought in which they are ordered. The first of the stages is meteorological drought. This is brought when there is lack of precipitation. The second stage is the agricultural drought, which are droughts that may affect crop production and farms. This stage is also brought on by the lack of precipitation. The final stage of drought is the hydrological drought. This drought is the most critical because it begins to affect our water reservoirs. The final stage is not only dangerous for the impact on our water reservoirs, but because it may lead so social and economic unrest (Wikipedia, 2007). A meteorological drought is usually known on the degree of dryness and the  duration of the dry period. Definitions of meteorological drought are varied since precipitation levels vary from place to place. The definition of a meteorological drought in Brazil is different from a meteorological drought in Los Angeles because it hardly ever rains in Los Angeles. A meteorological drought also depends on the regions climate pattern. Other climatic regimes are characterized by a seasonal rainfall pattern, such as the central United States, northern Australia, and West Africa (National Drought Mitigation Center, 2006). The second stage of drought, agricultural drought, links various characteristics of meteorological drought to agricultural impacts. These impacts include: lack of precipitation, and reduced ground water. Plants depend water from specific weather conditions. The water these plants and crops all lack would lead to soil inadequacy. If this occurs, malnutrition, and famine would thrive because crop production would decrease. This not only affects the consumers- us- but it also affects our economy (National Drought Mitigation Center, 2006). If a drought continues long enough, it might become a hydrological drought. This is caused by the lack of precipitation in water supplies. During a hydrological drought, the scarcity of water may lead to potential feuds over what little water is left and restrictions might be put on peoples water usage. It takes longer for lack precipitation to show up in components stream flow, ground water, and reservoir levels. Changes in land, like deforestation, and construction of dams, change the hydrological characteristics of a river basin (National Drought Mitigation Center, 2006). The Dust BowlDuring the 1930s, a series of droughts plagued the Great Plains. However, the Dust Bowl was not named after a drought. It was named for what it did. Poor agricultural practices and years of sustained drought caused the Dust Bowl. Plains grasslands had been deeply plowed and planted to wheat. During the years when there was adequate rainfall, the land produced bountiful crops. But as the droughts of the early 1930s deepened, the farmers kept plowing and planting and nothing would grow. The ground cover that held the soil in place was gone. The Plains winds whipped across  the fields raising billowing clouds of dust to the skies. The skies could darken for days, and even the most well sealed homes could have a thick layer of dust on furniture. In some places the dust would drift like snow, covering farms. With the farmers lands destroyed and homes seized in foreclosure, many farm families were forced to leave (Rutherford, 1998). Dust storms carried millions of tons of dirt from one location to the next. Those caught in the middle of dust storms were left with either damaged lungs or death due to inhalation of dust in the air they were breathing and polluted water they were drinking. High-speed winds pushed grains of dust into things such as farm equipment, barns, and homes. Cars were damaged beyond repair because of sand and dust clogging up vital parts of the engine. The largest migration of American history was during this period. Over 2.5 million people left the Dust Bowl area headed west for California (Rutherford, 1998). The Dust Bowl not only affect agriculture, it also had an impact on the economy. The economy in the 1930s was only hindered, if not worsened, by the Dust Bowl. Farmers were already in deep trouble for overproduction, but the Dust Bowl made it even harder too sell their crops because they were underground. They could not sell their crops, hence, they could not pay their banks to keep their homes or even make profit (Rutherford, 1998). Responding to a Cry for HelpThe Dust Bowl was basically an ultimate example of what could happen to an area when the climate was misunderstood, and poor farming practices were used. However, people became more aware out of this experience. Many preventative measures were taken to ensure that something of this magnitude would not occur again. These measures have consisted of everything from finding new water sources to taking better care of the soil to controlling the amount of topsoil blown away by the wind (Thompson, 1998, 297-299). After it was discovered that the certain areas of the Great Plains did not receive as much rain as first thought, the farmers looked somewhere else for a source of water. Irrigation soon became an important means of providing  water for the crops. The main source of irrigation for the Great Plains is the Ogallala Aquifer. The Ogallala Aquifer had been there all the time, but before the Twentieth Century the farmers lacked the technology to make use of it. Eventually they were able to dig wells deep enough. The first well was dug in 1911, and was less than 50 feet deep. However, the pump was invented which allowed for deeper wells, and greater flows of water. Eventually a form of irrigation called center pivot irrigation was developed. The idea was that the water was pumped out of the ground at one point in the middle of the field, and distributed by a sprinkler system that pivoted around the center point (Thompson, 1998, 297-299). Shortly after the Dust Bowl had an impact on the nation as a whole, the government, under President Roosevelt, began to initiate a serious of measures aimed to cure the damages caused by the Dust Bowl. These programs also became part of his New Deal initiative. One of the most famous projects started as a response to the Dust Bowl was the Tennessee Valley Authority, or the TVA. Like the most areas surrounding the Dust Bowl affected areas, the Tennessee Valley was hard hit by the sudden drought. The Tennessee Valley Authority was viewed as an opportunity to take natural resources to promote social and agricultural change. The TVA hired workers to construct multi-purpose dams, improve channels, teach soil conservation, and take on watershed reforestation project. The dams constructed by the TVA provided poor farmers and civilians with cheap electricity, flood control, and improved navigation of channels and rivers (Thompson, 1998, 297-299). The Dust Bowl taught farmers new farming methods and techniques. The 1930s fostered a new era of soil conservation. Perhaps the most valuable lesson learned form the Dust Bowl take care of the land. Droughts and winds still cause many problems, but most are averted and minimized with proper soil conservation. But one must ask themselves one question, will history repeat itself?Drought: TodayLos Angeles is currently in a dilemma. It is experiencing its very own drought. Since July 2006, downtown Los Angeles has received less than four inches of rain. This summer is expected to be hotter  than last summer, which killed about one- hundred people last year from intense heat waves. This years drought is the driest in over 130 yeas in bookkeeping, which is worst than the drought that occurred in the 1970s (Becerra, 2007). However, we have learned, from the past, absolutely nothing. People who live actually use even more water than they did before they were told to try not use as much. The Department of Water and Power does not enforce its regulations that forbid watering of lawns during the day and no running car- washing hoses. Now, instead of a fine, the DWP send a violator a letter asking them politely to consider conserving water in the future. Recently, the mayor has asked us- Angelinians- to conserve water. That should help the problem (Morrison, 2007). That is why it is up to us to save our planet from the depletion of our remaining water sources- not the states. Ways to Conserve WaterThe most important step in water conservation is that people must realize that they are in a crisis that demands the conservation of water. Without this, people will not have any incentive to conserve water because they would believe that it is trivial to do so. There are many ways to conserve water today because of our technological advances. Desalination of ocean water is one of the most common ways to conserve water. This method uses machines to purify and filter out any excess of salt and minerals to the point in which it is safe to drink. Like recycled water, this too can e used to feed livestock and used in irrigation techniques. This technique can also be used to produce a common household item- table salt (Wikipedia, 2007). One easy way water is conserved is by harvesting rain. Even though it hardly rains in California, whatever little rain we capture may serve to feed livestock, irrigation, and provide for portable water supplies. Harvesting rainfall also prevents high water bills, and may render the building of reservoirs useless, which take up a lot of land (Wikipedia, 2007). Some methods used to conserve water can sometimes be deemed controversial. A  controversial way of water conservation is recycling water. Recycling water refers to the process of purifying wastewater from sewage places. Recycled water has many uses, which include the drinking of purified wastewater if it is clean enough. If it is not used for drinking, then it is used for irrigation, which promotes better plant fertilization, watering lawns, and even filling fountains with it. The recycled water is sometimes dumped into lakes, and ponds to replenish them with their loss water. With the increase in demands for more water, some places use purified water to drink and use for their everyday necessities (Wikipedia, 2007). What Should WE Do to Conserve WaterMany people have a common misconception about water conservation. They believe that conserving water will actually COST them money. In reality, conserving water may SAVE them money. People can actually conserve water without actually knowing it. For example, shade trees can store gallons of water, which reduces the amount of water needed to use on them. They also hold water in their roots, which serve to distribute water throughout the lawn. The shade provided by these trees not only protects people from the sun, but the lawn it is on. This reduces the amount of water that is used to water it because the lawn does not get heated; hence, there is no need for watering of the lawn (University of Nebraska, 2003). Other ways we can conserve water without going out of our everyday lives is from our homes. By fixing leaking pipes one can save up about twenty gallons of water a day and save one a hassle in water utility bills. Installing low- flow showerheads save up to 500 gallons a month, which is also helped by taking shorter showers. Using a broom instead of a hose to clean ones driveway is another way of conserving water. When watering their lawn, people can avoid doing it when it is hot, like the afternoon, and water them during the morning. Washing a car on top of a lawn is a smart way to wash a car because run-on water is used to water the lawn while washing the car at the same time. During the summer, it can get hot. When filling a pool with water, place a cover over the pool once one is done using it to avoid evaporation of the water in it (University of Nebraska, 2003). As one can tell, water conservation does save more money. The environment is not the only thing that benefits from conserving water, if anything; we are the ones who will thrive from it. Benjamin Franklin once said, When the well is dry, we know the worth of water (University of Nebraska, 2003). If we do not start to conserve water know, we will learn to appreciate water- the hard way. Conclusion Many people take abundance of water for granted and only in its absence do we realize just how important it is to every living thing on the planet. During a drought, it is very important that everyone does his or her best to conserve water. Of course, it shouldnt take a drought to make people conserve water. Water is such an important resource and water conservation should be practiced every day of our lives. Water conservation consists of eliminating wasteful practices of water use, such as allowing a faucet to drip, toilets to leak, or taking baths instead of showers. Without water conservation, chaos and even war may erupt from feuds over water use and rights (Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, 2003, 10-11). Work Cited Becerra, Hector. L.A. urges conserving water in dry spell. Los Angeles Times. June 7,2007. Collins, Jocelyn. Deforestation. Enviro Facts. February 1, 2001. June 8, 2007. . Developing Principles for an International Water Treaty. Water Politics. 2003. Pages10-11. Drought. Think Quest. September 23, 2004. June 6, 2007. . Drought. Wikipedia. June 4, 2007. June 7, 2007. . Kreger, Chris. Importance of Water. Exploring the Environment. 2004. June 10, 2007. . Make Every Drop Count. University of Nebraska. 2005. June 12, 2007. . Morrison, Patt. Drought, the sequel, is here. Los Angeles Times. May 17, 2007. Rutherford, Chad. The Dust Bowl. Lake Hamilton. 2004. June 5, 2007. . Rupert, Clarke. What is Drought. State of New Jersey. June 28, 2006. June 11, 2007. . Thomson, Stephen. Water Use, Management, and Planning in the United States.Elsevier. 1998. Pages 297-299. Water Conservation. Wikipedia. June 11, 2007. June 12, 2007. . What is Drought. National Drought Mitigation Center. 2006. June 10, 2007. . West, Larry. What are the Effects of Drought. About, Inc.. 2007. June 4 2007. .

Friday, September 20, 2019

Implementing a Supply Chain Management System

Implementing a Supply Chain Management System Advantages and Disadvantages of Implementing a Supply Chain Management System A Supply Chain Management system is an information system which integrates the primary inbound logistics business activity. Supply Chain Management system supports inbound and outbound logistics procurement as well as procurement support activities. Supply Chain Management systems support three basic processes which are source, purchase and settle; because Supply Chain Management systems support the three basic processes the process itself of the supply chain has become faster and more efficient. One advantage of implementing a supply chain management system within an organization is that it has expanded supply chain speed which is the dollar value of good exchanged in a given period of time; this allows for companies make their processes quicker and more efficient. Another advantage for implementing a Supply Chain Management is that the Supply Chain Management System enables both the supplier and the customer to reduce the size of inventories therefore reducing inventory costs which in the long run will assist the company grow because they are keeping their costs low. This reduction in inventory costs is possible because the speed and the efficiency provided by information systems enable processing of small orders fast. SCM Systems also help improve delivery scheduling this occurs because the suppliers are able to deliver materials and components at the time and sequence needed this enables just-in-time inventory which allows manufacturers to reduce raw materials and handle of raw materials. SCM Systems also are an advantage because it creates processes to achieve strategies. The SCM Systems are mainly developed for support for business processes which assist organizations achieve competitive advantage over other companies as well as helping to avoid creating systems that are unrelated to organizations strategy. The last advantage of a SCM system is it fixes bullwhip effect which is the tendency of consumers to buy more than they would need in the immediate fu ture. The disadvantages to implementing a Supply Chain Management System are that it can be expensive and difficult for some employees to learn. While some employees want change and are not reluctant to modifications to their current system many other employees will resist the change; which would result in the organization having to deal with this which can drive costs of implementing such a system even higher. Another reason implementing a SCM System is a disadvantage is because for some organizations it may require them to change substantially because their current system is very basic; therefore, implementation of such a highly advanced system could change the organization considerably. If a company grows significantly, such as NIKE did, then SCM can become a hindrance because the company grows and the system could become irrelevant towards the companys main objective. An additional drawback of implementing a SCM System is that there could be a lack of appreciation for the system just a s there was for NIKE; this is based on the statement made by the Nike CIO, Gordon Steele, he thought that that this system would have been an easier solution for the problems Nike was facing but in essence it turned out to much more complicated. Another disadvantage for implementing a SCM System is that even though a company may think that they have trained their employees enough, the reality of this can be that there is never enough training available, which Nikes CIO stated again. Options for Acquiring a SCM System Companies must first acknowledge that there is a problem with their organizational system. In the case, Nike sensed that there was an issue with their current business model in that it focused on centralization but increasingly became more and more decentralized. Its only option was to acquire a SCM system to create greater supply chain visibility. They were to find vendors by shopping around for SCM systems and the organizations that program them. So they had to search for information on how to solve their problem. Nike understood that they had to quickly and accurately analyze the impacts of proposed SCM . Business should use information to evaluate alternative brands in the choice set and assess the capabilities of each. Negotiation of the terms and conditions would follow. The purchase decision follows and the business decides to buy the program. Nike addressed this issue by implementing SAP ERP in conjunction with i2 software to be its information system. The final step is the post purchase evaluation in which the company takes further action after the purchase based on their satisfaction or dissatisfaction. The advantages of each option: Reduce costs of buying and selling, increases supply chain speed, reduces size and cost of inventories, and improves delivery scheduling. This disintermediation that occurs when eliminating the middle layers in the supply chain will increase market efficiency. The disadvantages of each option: Technology and user training. Raw Material Purchasing Process In order for there to even be a raw material purchasing process there must be a supply chain for which the raw materials get transferred through. A supply chain is considered a network of organizations/facilities that transform raw materials into products delivered to customers. The main purpose of a raw material purchasing process is for a company to be able to successfully transfer raw materials into intermediate goods which can then be transferred to finals good and delivered to the customer; this is all done to ensure that the customer gets the service as efficiently and prompt as possible. The processes itself is started once the customer realizes that there is a need or want for a product. The customer then places an order for their service through the retailer. The retailers then in-return must order from the distributors that would dispense to the retailers. The distributers are then required to order from the manufactures that develop or create the product but in order for the distributers to develop or create the product they have to order the supplies from the suppliers that they receive their materials from. The suppliers are the ones with the original raw material. Once the supply chain is complete from the customers realization up to the suppliers being notified of the raw material being needed all items are delivered and the suppliers payment goes through the same process; retailers get paid by customer the retailers pay the distributors distributors pay manufactures-manufactures pay supplier. Potential Pitfalls in Implementing a SCM System The increasing outsourcing that occurs is one of the potential pitfalls that may be Encountered when implementing a supply chain management system. Shrinking product lifecycles, intensifying economic pressures, and constant changes in supply, demand, and product make supply chain optimization harder than ever. Existing systems generate plans that become obsolete the moment theyre finished, while spreadsheets and ad hoc databases lack the visibility and collaborative capabilities organizations need to swiftly and effectively monitor and respond to change. Another downfall encountered is that user training must be administered and completed before implementing a supply chain management system. Major Tasks that need to be Completed Evidently Nike has not spent enough time and effort in implementing their supply chain process to coincide with the organization. Which is why they now must purchase a new SCM system, but before implementing this new system, major tasks must be done in order for it to work efficiently. A successful SCM System requires a change from managing individual functions to integrating activities into key supply chain processes. Supply Chain Management entails coordination and configuration of the process that is necessary to make products available in a timely, reproducible and pleasing manner. Nike must first come up with a strategy for managing all the resources that go toward meeting customer demand for their product or service. A big part in Supply Chain Management, that Nike failed to strive in, is monitoring the supply chain so that it is efficient, costs less and delivers high quality and value to customers. As Nike grew and times changed, their central control became more centralized leading them to 27 different order managements systems worldwide. This clearly has led to their downfall, and evidently Nike must look over and choose suppliers to deliver the goods and services they need to create their product. Supply chain managers must develop a set of pricing, delivery and payment processes with suppliers if not satisfied with the original and also create a better system for monitoring and improving their relationships. The manufacturing step is most important because this is when supply chain managers schedule the activities necessary for production, testing, packaging and preparation for delivery. Nike must develop a proper procurement process, this is important because Nike extends globally. This is the process of strategic plans made with suppliers to support the manufacturing flow management process and the development of new products. Procurement delivers the responsibility for assuring the quality of purchased raw material/services and linking supplier operations to distribution through manufacturing activities. This step allows for measurement of quality levels, production output and worker productivity. Nike must ensure that the manufacturing processes are flexible to respond to market changes and accommodate mass customization. The product development and commercialization must be looked at as well because it is such a lengthy task. Customers and suppliers must be combined into the product development process in order to reduce time to market because the appropriate products must be developed and successfully launched with shorter time-schedules to remain competitive. If Nike is to attain competitive advantage, then their ultimate aim should be to achieve supply chain excellence before their competitors do. What Nike realized, later than other companies, is that the most important assets to an organization are their employees and consumers. Steele quotes You can never train enough which is only the truth. To ensure that this new system is successful the employees must all need to know how to use work with the system. Hence this is why Nike has now made training an important part of business. As important is the customer service management process; an organization that strives to be successful should use the following steps to build customer relationships: determine mutually satisfying goals for organization/customers establish and maintain customer relationship, and produce positive feelings in the organization and the customers. We all know companies like Nike exist to serve their consumers; hence they must find a clear and concise way of knowing exactly what their consumers want and passing that information through the supply chain to the suppliers correctly.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Free Essays - Boys to Men in The Red Badge of Courage :: The Red Badge of Courage

Boys to Men in Red Badge of Courage      The Civil War took more American lives than any other war in history.   It divided the people of the United States, so that in many families brother fought brother.   The four years of bloodshed left a legacy of grief and bitterness that remains in part even today.   The war started on April twelfth, 1861 in Charleston, South Carolina.   It ended four years later on April ninth, 1865.   Many people call this tragic conflict the War Between the States, the War of the Rebellion, the War of the Secession, or the War for southern Independence.   But regardless of what it is called, the war was a great turning point in American history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is so interesting about Crane's Red Badge of Courage?   I found out that war turns boys into mature men, the real dialect and slang used during the war, and what it's like to be a soldier in the Civil War.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The whole novel covers only two days in the life of Henry Flemming, the main character.   In that amount of time, war can turn a boy into a man.   It does not physically turn an individual into a grown man, but it mentally matures them.   War matures boys into a men is by experiencing new, unpredictable environments and adjusting to unfamiliar smells, sounds, and emotions.   Think about it, being there on a battlefield witnessing deaths of friends and comrades would have to have an effect on a human being.   Being in a war and to be around new faces, new personalities, confusion, and trauma would force one to adapt to an environment faster than you usually would.   Just imagine leaving your country home and entering a new and frightening world on a battlefield.   What can make one a hero or a coward?   Fears, emotions, thoughts, and feelings can be the factors that contribute towards the struggle.   As I read this novel I lived not only Henry's actions, but also his individual thoughts and feelings.There was shootin' here an' shootin' there, an' hollerin' here and hollerin' there, in th' damn darkness, until I couldn't tell t' save m' soul which side I was on (p.136, Crane).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By utilizing the soldiers talking in a dialect that was common during the war and using slang to represent certain words reflected the authors' emphasis on realism and descriptiveness.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Marginality and Othering in Metalious’ Peyton Place Essay -- Peyton Pl

Marginality and Othering in Metalious’Peyton Place Metalious’ best known novel, Peyton Place, was a bestseller and a media phenomenon in the mid-1950s and 1960s, creating a stir because of its depictions of teenage sexuality, incest, and illegal abortion. Surprisingly, however, few close examinations of the novel’s content and style have been published by literary critics. This essay provides a discussion of a key concern in the novel: racial, ethnic, geographical, and sexual marginality. Written to challenge the inscription of white, middle class, nuclear family life as the standard by which difference should be measured, Peyton Place features several characters who inhabit the metaphorical margins of American society, including Samuel Peyton, an escaped slave and the founder of the town; Tomoas Makris, a mysteriously handsome Greek school principal with several resemblances to George Metalious; and Selena Cross, a dark-skinned, beautiful young woman describes as a â€Å"gypsy,† whose life ties in to the incest and abortion subplots within the novel. I will provide a working definition of marginality and â€Å"othering† to begin this essay, followed by a discussion of Metalious’ social status as a French Canadian in New Hampshire, a description of the characterizations of Samuel Peyton and Selena Cross, and a final word on realism, reception, and the novel’s legacy. Marginality and â€Å"othering† are terms that have a long history in literary and critical discourse of the 20th century. In cultural criticism of the last three decades, these terms have been used to describe differences in power among individuals, nations, and cultural forms. In Orientalism, for instance, Edward Said invokes this idea of marg... ...ched understanding of the novel’s legacy. The unique and provocative treatments of marginality and othering in Peyton Place illustrate conflicts and anxieties that remain unresolved in 21st century American culture. Works Cited Mussell, Kay. Fantasy and Reconciliation: Contemporary Formulas of Women’s Romance Fiction. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984. Said, Edward. Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books, 1979. Sorrell, Richard S. â€Å"A Novelist and Her Ethnicity: Grace Metalious as a Franco-American,† Historical New Hampshire, Fall 1980: 284-327. Stearns, Jane and Michael Stearns. â€Å"Peyton Place.† Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. New York: Harper, 1992: 381-383. Toth, Emily. Inside Peyton Place: The Life of Grace Metalious. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2001. â€Å"Unpopular Best Seller.† Life, November 12, 1956: 104.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

E-Menu Service

0 Project Planning Document By KP Contents Pages Introduction 3-4 Aims and Objectives 5-6 Project Scope, Milestones, Main Tasks and Deliverables 7-8 Source of Information and Resources Required 8 Project Risks 9-10 Evaluation of Professional, Social, Ethical and Legal Issues 11 Gantt Chart 12 Reference 13 1. Introduction During this project an E-Menu service for restaurants will be designed and created. The system will allow customers to order food and drink at the comfort of their own table, using a touch panel technology installed on every table in the restaurant.Each table top device allows the user to read detailed descriptions of the dishes and beverages available, whilst also displaying an image of the selected item. Placing this system in a wider context – The E-menu service is diverse and can be incorporated to work with any restaurants’ menu. The need for this service: †¢ Improvement of the ordering experience and achieving a better service. †¢ Optimi zation of customer’s satisfaction and loyalty. †¢ Development of new revenue sources for the business. Current E-menu Market ResearchConceptic is a Hi tech company established in 2005 that is active in the field of digital menus for restaurants, pubs and coffee shops (Israel Exporter 2012). The company is based in Israel and currently offers a comparable service to the one I wish to create. Facts and Figures (Conceptic Interactive Menus 2012). †¢ Table Side eMenu, 13% Increase in sales. †¢ Touch Screen Menu for waiting area 5min faster table turn around. †¢ Ipad Menu Wine List 24% Increase in Sales. †¢ Ipad Menu Food List 9% Increase in Sales. †¢ Members’ club sign ups 520% increase.The e-Menu service will benefit any establishment it is installed into. developing an electronic menu o The e-Menu service  offers many benefits to users, in particular with the presentation of your restaurant's menu items and the overall enhanced atmosphere it lends to the dining experience: The  e-Menu  offers far more than the standard paper menu. It brings food to life with vivid photographs of delicious looking meals and comprehensive up-to-date descriptions of each dish. Customers are able to view exactly what they are ordering, eliminating any confusion when the food arrives.Dietary constraints such as nut or gluten allergies will also be displayed when browsing the menu. Diners are also able to see your restaurant's specials on the screen – not tucked away on a faded chalkboard or on an insert in your usual menu. Food is only part of the dining experience. There's also the crucial element of creating the best possible atmosphere in which to enjoy a meal. The  e-Menu  offers a multitude of ways diners can entertain themselves in the process or even during the meal.The customers can choose from many entertainment features offered on the eMenu: †¢ Listen to a their favourite band †¢ Enjoy video clips †¢ Play interactive games †¢ On-screen â€Å"chatting† with diners at other tables  Ã‚   A great deal of research has been done before implicating the project. A lot of different aspects go into a successful ordering system, it must be user friendly/easy to use, have no maintenance issues, robust, longevity within the restaurant and cost effective. 2. Aims and Objectives Aim To create a working version of the E-Menu service.Objectives All objectives follow SMART methodology (specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bound): †¢ Create a user friendly e-Menu interface, which is quick and easy to navigate through. Usability is fundamental to this system, if the customer doesn’t understand how to navigate through the menu to order their food and drink, the system would become useless. So during the project great care will be taken when designing user interfaces, specifically when designing UI layouts trying to create a layout that is effective and eff icient.Different user interface layouts will go through testing stages, the two layouts that are most successful through testing will be shown to the restaurant we are working with. Their input on the interfaces will aid the final design stage, allowing any adjustments to be made before installation. †¢ Users are able to access social media websites while using the e-Menu system. Hyperlinks for social media websites will be displayed conveniently, allowing easy access for customers to connect to the World Wide Web, to social media sites, advertises the restaurant to many new possible customers.Special offers and promotions are often viewed online and then brought into store to be used, if the restaurant has any possible deals they can offer, using social media is a good way of advertising it. To gain access to a special promotion the customer must ‘Like’ the restaurants’ Facebook page, this is the type of method that will create a lot of awareness for the re staurant. †¢ Common food allergies (Dairy, Eggs, Fish, Nuts, Sesame, Shellfish, Soy, Sulphites, Wheat, Gluten) displayed.The whole menu’s ingredients will be checked to see if any ingredients fall within the top 10 common food allergies. Whatever ingredients are highlighted from the list, will then all be marked with a food allergy logo. When a customer is browsing the menu, and selects a dish to view it closer, a new window opens displaying the food allergy logo with some text stating the dish they are about to view has a food allergy warning. This warning system should stop any user from ordering a dish which may later cause them harm. ‘Side suggestion tab’ incorporated fully into the menu, its purpose to suggest side dishes and beverages to the user once they have selected a main meal. Different main meal choices affect the recommended dishes and drinks. This feature benefits both parties the customers and the restaurant, being recommended which bottle of wine goes well with your main or what side dish will accompany the rest of your food benefits the customer. The restaurant would benefit from the increase in side dishes and drink sales with food; this could always lead to special promotions which encourage loyalty within customers. Users will be able to view online video via YouTube. Hyperlinks will be visible on the e-Menu system, users will be able to view their favourite band, children can watch cartoons while waiting for food to be prepared. †¢ Have access to play interactive games on the e-Menu system. 3. Project Scope, Milestones, Main Tasks and Deliverables Below is a table showing the types of deliverables that are in and out of scope, also lists some of the major functions of the project. this should include Review Point 2, Demonstration and Project Thesis). |Title |In Scope |Out of scope |Reason why.. | |Search facility | |Yes |Time it would take to create a search facility for the| | | | |e-Menu service would not b e good use of the time that | | | | |has been given. |Access to social media websites|Yes | |By allowing users to access their online profile, the | | | | |company’s profile will be viewed a lot more | | | | |(advertising). | |Food and Drink suggestion tab |Yes | |A good addition from the regular menu this deliverable| | | |encourages customers to purchase more. Which may | | | | |increases business for the restaurant. | |Allergy Advise |Yes | |This system is being created so customers have a much | | | | |better understanding of the menu.If you select a main| | | | |meal which includes 1 or more ingredients that may | | | | |cause harm to the customer if they are allergic to | | | | |anything specifically, a warning logo appears whilst | | | | |ordering so the user is aware of the ingredients of | | | | |the dish. | |Create a clean and clear |Yes | |An important part of the ordering system is how users | |interface. | | |navigate around, if users can’t read the inform ation | | | | |then the system fails at 1 of its main objectives. |Customers are able to play | |Yes |This objective is aimed at creating more entertainment| |interactive games | | |for the customer. However I don’t think this objective| | | | |is achievable during the project process. | 4. Sources of Information and Resources Required. A. List of resources used to meet the scope of the project. Software – already own the software, or can gain access to the software at university sites. †¢ Adobe Photoshop CS5 †¢ Microsoft Word, most of the documentation to do with the project will be written up using the softare. †¢ Microsoft PowerPoint, my demonstration will be created on powerpoint. Microsoft Excel, the projects Gantt chart will be made using this software. †¢ Java Programming software. Hardware – purchase needed hardware †¢ Android Tablet †¢ Ipad †¢ Blackberry playbook †¢ Microsoft surface (need to acquire a device befo re testing stage). Companies – †¢ Thai restaurant, I will be contacting the restaurant multiple times over the project. I may need to ask the manager a question or even the waiting staff. Visits will be scheduled so time must be made for these meetings. †¢ Conceptic People – †¢ Group of customers at a specific restaurant spoken to. †¢ Questionnaire given out to people about the e-Menu system before it is released. Questionnaire given out to customers to gather feedback about the e-Menu system. Extra – †¢ Any reading material will be collected from Boots library or the Clifton library. If any book is needed online booking will be completed early to allow for maximum time with the text. †¢ Multiple restaurants will be visited to inspect their menus content and design. 5. Project Risks During the length of the project plan many different objectives needs to be completed. These objectives will not always be consecutively completed on ti me. For example if the E-menu system took longer than expected to programme, it would cause a delay and the next objective after that would be put on hold until work has been caught up.However a resolution for this problem has already been thought about, the time scale of this project already has a built in 2 week contingency back up, which should give adequate time to resolve the issues at hand. Another unexpected delay to the project would be any personal health issues during the development of the project. By planning in extra time for each task, delays can be kept to a minimum or avoided all together, allowing enough time to complete the project on time. Software packages can occasionally not work or crash/break altogether. If a software package crashed and it was impossible to access the software anywhere else. This may cause a delay in the project, work can’t proceed until the problem has been solved or another software package acquired. Resources needed.For the project a 3rd party device will be needed to test the system out on. An Apple iPad or android tablet would work as devices to test the system on. When ordering the devices, delivery needs to be taken into consideration online orders normally come between 1-14 working days (maximum). If the delivery was lost and the product had to be ordered again, this could evolve into another lengthy delay. University hand-ins. During the course of the project other deadlines will need attention also; a clash with deadlines is a possibility. If this was to happen while work on the project could become delayed as workloads add up and less time is available to use.After looking at all these examples of project risks, it is clear that numerous events could potentially put the project at risk. Best way to avoid these risks would be to plan for them. Contingency time has been added to the overall project plan, if needed this added time will allow for any catching up to be done on behind objectives. 6. Evaluat ion of Professional, Social, Ethical and Legal Issues Schedule 1 to the Data Protection Act lists 8 different terms. All terms need to be followed otherwise you will be breaking the law. The e-Menu system we are creating will have to abide by these laws too, term 5 â€Å" Personal data processed for any purpose or purposes shall not be kept for longer than is necessary for that purpose or those purposes† (ISO 2012).Our system if used to its maximum capability will have a lot of personal data being sent around, Billing information, credit card numbers etc†¦ If in the wrong hands this information can be used for dishonest drudgery. It’s within the restaurants best interests to create a safe and secure dining experience. Data Protection Act term 2: â€Å"Personal data shall be obtained only for one or more specified and lawful purposes, and shall not be further processed in any manner incompatible with that purpose or those purposes† (ISO 2012). Computer Misus e Act â€Å"An Act to make provision for securing computer material against unauthorised access or modification; and for connected purposes† (Government 1990) The computer misuse act is another PSEL dilemma that could affect the system. If customers’ data is not safe it could be used for fraud or other criminal offences.The complex E-menu system will deter any hackers from the system, disaster recovery plans for the system will be followed if any attack or hack transpired. [pic] References o Conceptic Interactive Menus. (2012). Home Page. Available: http://www. emenu-international. com/. Last accessed 23rd Oct 2012. o Government . (1990). Computer Misuse Act . Available:http://www. legislation. gov. uk/ukpga/1990/18/introduction. Last accessed 26th Oct 2012. o o ICO. (2012). Data protection principles. Available: http://www. ico. gov. uk/for_organisations/data_protection/the_guide/the_principles. aspx. Last accessed 26/10/12. o Israel Exporter. (2012). Conceptic Intera ctive Menus. Available: http://www. israelexporter. com. Last accessed 23rd Oct 2012. ———————– Gantt Chart for my project.

Monday, September 16, 2019

The Vampire Diaries: The Struggle Chapter Fifteen

â€Å"Elena, you're being rude!† Aunt Judith seldom got angry but she was angry now. â€Å"You're too old for this kind of behavior.† â€Å"It's not rudeness! You don't understand – † â€Å"I understand perfectly. You're acting just the way you did when Damon came to dinner. Don't you think a guest deserves a little more consideration?† Frustration flooded over Elena. â€Å"You don't even know what you're talking about,† she said. This was too much. To hear Damon's words coming from Aunt Judith's lips†¦ it was unbearable. â€Å"Elena!† A mottled flush was creeping up Aunt Judith's cheeks. â€Å"I'mshocked at you! And Ihave to say that this childish behavior only started since you've been going out with that boy.† â€Å"Oh, ‘that boy'.† Elena glared at Damon. â€Å"Oh, really?† Elena felt as if she were talking to Damon and Aunt Judith at once, and she looked back and forth between the two of them. All the emotions she'd been suppressing for the last days – for the last weeks, for the months since Stefan had come into her life – were surging forward. It was like a great tidal wave inside her, over which she had no control. She realized she was shaking. â€Å"Well, that's too bad because you're going to have to tolerate it. I am never going to give Stefan up, not for anyone. Certainly not foryou!† This last was meant for Damon, but Aunt Judith gasped. â€Å"That's enough!† Robert snapped. He'd appeared with Margaret, and his face was dark. â€Å"Young lady, if this is how that boy encourages you to speak to your aunt – â€Å" â€Å"He's not ‘that boy'!† Elena took another step back, so she could face all of them. She was making a spectacle of herself, everyone in the courtyard was looking. But she didn't care. She had been keeping a lid on her feelings for so long, shoving down all the anxiety and the fear and the anger where it wouldn't be seen. All the worry about Stefan, all the terror over Damon, all the shame and humiliation she'd suffered at school, she'd buried it deep. But now it was coming back. All of it, all at once, in a maelstrom of impossible violence. Her heart was pounding crazily; her ears rang. She felt that nothing mattered except to hurt the people who stood in front of her, to show them all. â€Å"He's not ‘that boy',† she said again, her voice deadly cold. â€Å"He's Stefan and he's all I care about. And I happen to be engaged to him.† â€Å"Oh, don't be ridiculous!† Robert thundered. It was the last straw. â€Å"Is this ridiculous?† She held up her hand, the ring toward them. â€Å"We're going to get married!† â€Å"You arenot going to get married,† Robert began. Everyone was furious. Damon grabbed her hand and stared at the ring, then turned abruptly and strode away, every step full of barely leashed savagery. Robert was spluttering on in exasperation. Aunt Judith was fuming. â€Å"Elena, I absolutely forbid you – â€Å" â€Å"You'renot my mother !† Elena cried. Tears were trying to force themselves out of her eyes. She needed to get away, to be alone, to be with someone who loved her. â€Å"If Stefan asks, tell him I'll be at the boarding house!† she added, and broke away through the crowd. She half expected Bonnie or Meredith to follow her, but she was glad they didn't. The parking lot was full of cars but almost empty of people. Most of the families were staying for the afternoon activities. But a battered Ford sedan was parked nearby, and a familiar figure was unlocking the door. â€Å"Matt! Are you leaving?† She made her decision instantly. It was too cold to walk all the way to the boarding house. â€Å"Huh? No, I've got to help Coach Lyman take the tables down. I was just putting this away.† He tossed the Outstanding Athlete placard into the front seat. â€Å"Hey, are you okay?† His eyes widened at the sight of â€Å"Yes – no. I will be if I can get out of here. Look, can I take your car? Just for a little while?† â€Å"Well†¦ sure, but†¦ I know, why don't you let me drive you? I'll go tell Coach Lyman.† â€Å"No! I just want to be alone†¦ Oh, please don't ask any questions.† She almost snatched the keys out of his hand. â€Å"I'll bring it back soon, I promise. Or Stefan will. If you see Stefan, tell him I'm at the boarding house. And thanks.† She slammed the door on his protests and revved the engine, pulling out with a clash of gears because she wasn't used to a stick shift. She left him standing there staring after her. She drove without really seeing or hearing anything outside, crying, locked in her own spinning tornado of emotions. She and Stefan would run away†¦ They would elope†¦ They would show everyone. She would never set foot in Fell's Church again. And then Aunt Judith would be sorry. Then Robert would see how wrong he'd been. But Elena would never forgive them. Never. As for Elena herself, she didn't need anybody. She certainly didn't need stupid old Robert E. Lee, where you could go from being mega-popular to being a social pariah in one day just for loving the wrong person. She didn't need any family, or any friends, either†¦ Slowing down to cruise up the winding driveway of the boarding house, Elena felt her thoughts slow down, too. Well†¦ she wasn't mad at all her friends. Bonnie and Meredith hadn't done anything. Or Matt. Matt was all right. In fact, she might not need him but his car had come in pretty handy. In spite of herself Elena felt a strangled giggle well up in her throat. Poor Matt. People always borrowing his clunking dinosaur of a car. He must think she and Stefan were nuts. The giggle let loose a few more tears and she sat and wiped them off, shaking her head. Oh, God, how did things turn out this way? What a day. She should be having a victory celebration because they'd beaten Caroline, and instead she was crying alone in Matt's car. Carolinehad looked pretty damn funny, though. Elena's body shook gently with slightly hysterical chuckles. Oh, the look on her face. Somebody better have a video of that. At last the sobs and giggles both abated and Elena felt a wash of tiredness. She leaned against the steering wheel trying not to think of anything for a while, and then she got out of the car. She'd go and wait for Stefan, and then they'd both go back and deal with the mess she'd made. It would take a lot of cleaning up, she thought wearily. Poor Aunt Judith. Elena had yelled at her in front of half the town. Why had she let herself get so upset? But her emotions were still close to the surface, as she found when the boarding house door was locked and no one answered the bell. Oh, wonderful she thought, her eyes stinging again. Mrs. Flowers had gone off to the Founders' Day celebration, too. And now Elena had the choice of sitting in the car or standing out here in this windstorm†¦ It moaned through the branches of the oak trees, tearing off the remaining leaves and sending them down in showers. The sound was rising steadily now, not just a moan but a howl. And there was something else. Something that came not just from the wind, but from the air itself, or the space around the air. A feeling of pressure, of menace, of some unimaginable force. It was gathering power, drawing nearer, closing in. Elena spun to face the oak trees. There was a stand of them behind the house, and more beyond, blending into the forest. And beyond that were the river and the graveyard. Something†¦ was out there. Something†¦ very bad†¦ â€Å"No,† whispered Elena. She couldn't see it, but she could feel it, like some great shape rearing up to stand over her, blotting out the sky. Shefelt the evil, the hatred, the animal fury. Bloodlust. Stefan had used the word, but she hadn't understood it. Now she felt this bloodlust†¦ focused on her. â€Å"No!† Higher and higher, it was towering over her. She could still see nothing, but it was as if great wings unfolded, stretching to touch the horizon on either side. Something with a Power beyond comprehension†¦ and it wanted tokill †¦ â€Å"No!† She ran for the car just as it stooped and dived for her. Her hands scrabbled at the door handle, and she fumbled frantically with the keys. The wind was screaming, shrieking, tearing at her hair. Gritty ice sprayed into her eyes, blinding her, but then the key turned and she jerked the door open. Safe! She slammed the door shut again and brought her fist down on the lock. Then she flung herself across the seat to check the locks on the other side. The wind roared with a thousand voices outside. The car began rocking. â€Å"Stop it! Damon, stop it!† Her thin cry was lost in the cacophony. She put her hands out on the dashboard as if to balance the car and it rocked harder, ice pelting against it. Then she saw something. The rear window was clouding up, but she could discern the shape through it. It looked like some great bird made of mist or snow, but the outlines were hazy. All she was sure of was that it had huge sweeping wings†¦ and that it was coming for her. Get the key in the ignition. Get it in! Now go! Her mind was rapping orders at her. The ancient Ford wheezed and the tires screamed louder than the wind as she took off. And the shape behind her followed, getting larger and larger in the rearview mirror. If she hadn't been skidding and braking already, the tree would have crashed down on her. As it was, the violent impact shook the car like an earthquake missing the front right fender by inches. The tree was a mass of heaving, pitching branches, its trunk blocking the way back to town completely. She was trapped. Her only route home cut off. She was alone, there was no escape from this terrible Power†¦ Power. That was it; that was the key. â€Å"The stronger your Powers are, the more the rules of the dark bind you.† Running water! Throwing the car into reverse, she brought it around and then slammed into forward. The white shape banked and swooped, missing her as narrowly as the tree had, and then she was speeding down Old Creek Road into the worst of the storm. It was still after her. Only one thought pounded in Elena's brain now. She had to cross running water, to leave this thing behind. There were more cracks of lightning, and she glimpsed other trees falling, but she swerved around them. It couldn't be far now. She could see the river flickering past on her left side through the driving ice storm. Then she saw the bridge. It was there; she'd made it! A gust threw sleet across the windshield, but with the wipers' next stroke she saw it fleetingly again. This was it, the turn should be abouthere. The car lurched and skidded onto the wooden structure. Elena felt the wheels grip at slick planks and then felt them lock. Desperately, she tried to turn with the skid, but she couldn't see and there was no room†¦ And then she was crashing through the guardrail, the rotted wood of the footbridge giving way under weight it could no longer support. There was a sickening feeling of spinning, dropping, and the car hit the water. Elena heard screams, but they didn't seem to be connected with her. The river welled up around her and everything was noise and confusion and pain. A window shattered as it was struck by debris, and then another. Dark water gushed across her, along with glass like ice. She was engulfed. She couldn't see; she couldn't get out. And she couldn't breathe. She was lost in this hellish tumult, and there was no air.She had to breathe. She had to get out of here†¦ â€Å"Stefan, help me!† she screamed. But her scream made no sound. Instead, the icy water rushed into her lungs, invading her. She thrashed against it, but it was too strong for her. Her struggles became wilder, more uncoordinated, and then they stopped. Bonnie and Meredith were hunting around the perimeter of the school impatiently. They'd seen Stefan go this way, more or less coerced by Tyler and his new friends. They'd started to follow him, but then that business with Elena had started. And then Matt had informed them that she'd taken off. So they'd set out after Stefan again, but nobody was out here. There weren't even any buildings except one lonely Quonset hut. â€Å"And now there's a storm coming!† Meredith said. â€Å"Listen to that wind! I think it's going to rain.† â€Å"Or snow!† Bonnie shuddered. â€Å"Where did theygo?† â€Å"I don't care; I just want to get under a roof. Here it comes!† Meredith gasped as the first sheet of icy rain hit her, and she and Bonnie ran for the nearest shelter – the Quonset hut. And it was there that they found Stefan. The door was ajar, and when Bonnie looked in she recoiled. â€Å"Tyler's goon squad!† she hissed. â€Å"Look out!† Stefan had a semicircle of guys between him and the door. Caroline was in the corner. â€Å"He must have it! He took it somehow; I know he did!† she was saying. â€Å"Took what?† said Meredith, loudly. Everyone turned their way. Caroline's face contorted as she saw them in the doorway and Tyler snarled. â€Å"Get out.† he said. â€Å"You don't want to be involved in this.† Meredith ignored him. â€Å"Stefan, can I talk to you?† â€Å"In a minute. Are you going to answer her question? Took what?† Stefan was concentrating on Tyler, totally focused. â€Å"Sure, I'll answer her question. Right after I answer yours.† Tyler's beefy hand thumped into his fist and he stepped forward. â€Å"You're going to be dog meat, Salvatore.† Several of the tough guys snickered. Bonnie opened her mouth to say, â€Å"Let's getout of here.† But what she actually said was, â€Å"The bridge.† It was weird enough to make everyone look at her. â€Å"What?† said Stefan. â€Å"The bridge,† said Bonnie again, without meaning to say it. Her eyes bulged, alarmed. She could hear the voice coming from her throat, but she had no control over it. And then she felt her eyes go wider and her mouth drop open and she had her own voice back. â€Å"The bridge, oh, my God, the bridge! That's where Elena is! Stefan, we've got to save her†¦ Oh, hurry!† â€Å"Yes, oh, God†¦ that's where she's gone. She's drowning!Hurry !† Waves of thick blackness broke over Bonnie. But she couldn't faint now; they had to get to Elena. Stefan and Meredith hesitated one minute, and then Stefan was through the goon squad, brushing them aside like tissue paper. They sprinted through the field toward the parking lot, dragging Bonnie behind. Tyler started after them, but stopped when the full force of the wind hit him. â€Å"Why would she go out in this storm?† Stefan shouted as they sprang into Meredith's car. â€Å"She was upset; Matt said she took off in his car,† Meredith gasped back in the comparative quiet of the interior. She pulled out fast and turned into the wind, speeding dangerously. â€Å"She said she was going to the boarding house.† â€Å"No, she's at the bridge! Meredith, drive faster! Oh, God, we're going to be too late!† Tears were running down Bonnie's face. Meredith floored it. The car swayed, buffeted by wind and sleet. All through that nightmare ride Bonnie sobbed, her fingers clutching the seat in front of her. Stefan's sharp warning kept Meredith from running into the tree. They piled out and were immediately lashed and punished by the wind. â€Å"It's too big to move! We'll have to walk,† Stefan shouted. Of course it was too big to move, Bonnie thought, already scrambling through the branches. It was a full-grown oak tree. But once on the other side, the icy gale whipped all thought out of her head. Within minutes she was numb, and the road seemed to go on for hours. They tried to run but the wind beat them back. They could scarcely see; if it hadn't been for Stefan, they would have gone over the riverbank. Bonnie began to weave drunkenly. She was ready to fall to the ground when she heard Stefan shouting up ahead. Meredith's arm around her tightened, and they broke again into a stumbling run. But as they neared the bridge what they saw brought them to a halt. â€Å"Oh, my God†¦ Elena!† screamed Bonnie. Wickery Bridge was a mass of splintered rubble. The guardrail on one side was gone and the planking had given way as if a giant fist had smashed it. Beneath, the dark water churned over a sickening pile of debris. Part of the debris, entirely underwater except the headlights, was Matt's car. Meredith was screaming, too, but she was screaming at Stefan. â€Å"No! You can't go down there!† He never even glanced back. He dived from the bank, and the water closed over his head. Later, Bonnie's memory of the next hour would be mercifully dim. She remembered waiting for Stefan while the storm raged endlessly on. She remembered that she was almost beyond caring by the time a hunched figure lurched out of the water. She remembered feeling no disappointment, only a vast and yawning grief, as she saw the limp thing Stefan laid out on the road. She remembered how he looked as they tried to do something for Elena. Only that wasn't really Elena lying there, that was a wax doll with Elena's features. It was nothing that had ever been alive and it certainly wasn't alive now. Bonnie thought it seemed silly to go on poking and prodding at it like this, trying to get water out of its lungs and so on. Wax dolls didn't breathe. She remembered Stefan's face when he finally gave up. When Meredith wrestled with him and yelled at him, saying something about over an hour without air, and brain damage. The words filtered in to Bonnie, but their meaning didn't. She just thought it odd that while Meredith and Stefan were screaming at each other they were both crying. Stefan stopped crying after that. He just sat there holding the Elena-doll. Meredith yelled some more, but he didn't listen to her. He just sat. And Bonnie would never forget his expression. And then something seared through Bonnie, bringing her to life, waking her to terror. She clutched at Meredith and stared around for the source. Something bad†¦ something terrible was coming. Was almost here. Stefan seemed to feel it, too. He was alert, stiff, like a wolf picking up a scent. â€Å"What is it?† shouted Meredith. â€Å"What's wrong with you?† â€Å"You've got to go!† Stefan rose, still holding the limp form in his arms. â€Å"Get out of here!† â€Å"What do you mean? We can't leave you – â€Å"Yes, you can! Get out of here! Bonnie, get her out!† No one had ever told Bonnie to take care of someone else before. People were always taking care of her. But now she seized Meredith's arm and began pulling. Stefan was right. There was nothing they could do for Elena, and if they stayed whatever had gotten her would get them. â€Å"Stefan!† Meredith shouted as she was unaccountably dragged away. â€Å"I'll put her under the trees. The willows, not the oaks,† he called after them. Why would he tell us that now? Bonnie wondered in some deep part of her mind that was not taken up with fear and the storm. The answer was simple, and her mind promptly gave it back to her. Because he wasn't going to be around to tell them later.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Forensic

Although we will be focusing on the forensic sciences that typically take place in a crime laboratory, there are other types of forensic sciences that are specialized and focused on a particular area. In this section, we will briefly take a look at some of these specialty areas. Forensic Pathology/Biology Pathology is a science that deals with disease. Pathologists make use of autopsies to study the tissues and other parts of the human body for diseases. An autopsy is a dissection and examination of the body, often to determine why the person died. Pathologists may study samples like blood, tissue, and urine to identify and learn more about diseases in the body. Forensic pathology is the extension of this specialty to the criminal justice system. Forensic pathology studies sudden, unexplained, and violent deaths by using autopsies to determine the cause of death in an individual. The scientists in this field may work as medical examiners or coroners. One of the tasks that a forensic pathologist might have is to determine the time of death for a body. The medical examiner or coroner may participate in the criminal investigation by evaluating the stage of decomposition in the body. Following a person's death, the muscles of the body relax and then become rigid. Rigor Mortis, as this rigidity is known, occurs within 24 hours after death and goes away after about 36 hours. Liver Mortis also happens soon after death. This condition in the body happens as the blood stops pumping through the body and settles in the parts of the body lowest to the ground. This condition occurs within the first 12 hours after death. Another condition that can help determine the time of death is algor mortis, which is the gradual cooling of the body after death. Forensic pathologists have to consider factors like where the body is, the air temperature, and the size of the body to determine the time of death from its temperature. Forensic Anthropology Forensic anthropology specializes in the identification and examination of skeletal remains. Forensic anthropologists may also be called on to help identify the victims of disasters like fires, explosions, and plane crashes, where bodies may be burned or mutilated in some way. Forensic anthropologists help determine whether bones and skeletal remains are from a long ago burial that has been unearthed or whether they are from a more recent death, that may require investigation. Many have at least some training in archaeological methods. They also examine the bones to see if they can determine what the cause of death was. They use the bones to help determine the sex, race, and age at the time of death for the individual and in some cases, where the individual was from. Some forensic anthropologists may help with facial reconstructions, which can help identify who the person is that the bones belonged to. Forensic Psychiatry Forensic psychiatry focuses on the relationship between human behavior and criminal justice. During the course of a court case, issues of competence (whether someone is competent to stand trial or be executed) and mental illness can play a role. Forensic psychiatrists and psychologists offer insight to investigators, attorneys, judges, and juries about a suspect's mental state and their understanding of the crime committed. These scientists look at the past, present, and future of individuals. For example, they may examine whether the suspect was mentally sane at the time the crime was committed. They may also examine whether an individual is competent during a trial, such as being able to cooperate with their defense. Finally, some forensic psychiatrists examine the likelihood that an offender will repeat their crime for the purposes of probation hearings. In addition, some forensic psychiatrists may create behavioral profiles in order to help law enforcement officials identify and apprehend suspects. Forensic Entomology Forensic entomology uses the study of insects to help criminal investigations. This area is often involved with helping to determine the time of death when the situation where the death occurred is unknown. When decomposition begins, blowflies infest a body, laying eggs that eventually hatch into fly larvae (maggots). The larvae help to consume the body's organs and tissues if left alone. By studying the stage of larvae development and what type of flies and insects are present, scientists can give insight into when the death occurred. Forensic Odontology Forensic odontology provides insight into the identification of individuals through their teeth. In some cases, investigators may only have the skeletal remains, including teeth, of a body. Forensic odontologists look at teeth, their alignment, and other information to help determine who the person was. They can sometimes match the dental remains to dental records of a suspected victim. Forensic odontologists may also provide insight in cases that involve bite marks, analyzing the bite to see whether it matches that of a suspect's. As you can see, there are many different areas that forensic scientists specialize in. Each of these specialties helps the criminal justice system identify crime and the suspects that have committed the crime. This module has introduced you briefly to the world of forensic science. Forensic scientists use science within the criminal justice system. They collect and analyze evidence from crime scenes, give expert testimony, and train others about collecting evidence.