Pink Dear Mr President Essay

-This refers to President Bush’s widely debated â€Å"No Child Left Behind† program, in which federal funding for schools is contingent on standardized test scores. The program has been praised by supporters for its aim to raise the bar for teachers and push for continued education, as well as its basis in literacy support and individual school accountability. It has also been berated for creating a narrow curriculum because of limited focus of the standardized tests, inadequate funding, allegations of test score manipulation and its clause to guarantee the facilitation of military recruitment during introductions to higher education. -This refers to President Bush’s adamant pro-life stance. In accordance with the teachings of Bush’s Methodist faith, President Bush believes that life begins at conception. Therefore, he has a track record of opposing all proposals that interfere with life before birth. This also includes most stem-cell research proposals. And what kind of father might hate his own daughter if she were gay? -Again, in accordance with standard Methodist teachings, Bush is opposed to homosexual unions. In particular, President Bush has pushed for the â€Å"Marriage Protection Amendment,† a piece of legislature which would define marriage as the union between a man and a woman. Bush has met controversy during his term when it was revealed that Dick Cheney’s daughter was openly gay and having a child with her partner. I can only imagine what the first lady has to say You’ve come a long way from whiskey and cocaine. -This refers to allegations that Bush had an affinity for alcohol in his youth. Pink refers to cocaine here because of Bush’s supposed arrest and ensuing discovery of cocaine possession in 1972. Bush neither confirms nor denies these allegations, saying only â€Å"when I was young and irresponsible, I was young and irresponsible.† Regardless of your political viewpoints, Pink’s song is a thought provoking listen. While I have attempted to remain neutral in this piece, the song stirs your opinion either to one side or the other. As it ends with the words, â€Å"Dear Mr. President, you’d never take a walk with me, would you?† I urge you to use it to spur discussions of your own.

Remedial Reading Essay

Introduction One of the most valuable skills a person can acquire is the ability to read well. It is difficult to discover any ability in the school, in the home, in business, or in any other field of endeavor today that does not require reading. People read to get information, to buy things wisely, for recreation, and for a great many other reasons. More reading is being done today than it ever was in the past. According to Smith (1988) reading is an important factor that greatly affects an individuals’ adjustment in life. It is a key to success in school, to the development of out-of school interests, to the enjoyment of leisure time and to the personal and social adjustment. It helps one to adjust to his/her age mates, to become independent from parents and teachers to select and prepare for an occupation and to achieve social responsibilities. Villamin (1999) considers reading as an essential key that unlocks the door to the world of enlightenment and enjoyment and the basic tool for learning in the content field. The absence of reading skill will greatly affect an individual’s adjustment in life. William Gray, known as the father of reading defines reading as a four- step process: perception of the word, comprehension of its meaning, reaction to the meaning in terms of prior knowledge and integration of idea into one’s background of experience. In every chosen field, the proficiency in reading is extremely important because it plays a vital role in achieving success. The ability to read well, leads many students to be competent and be more confident in meeting all the challenges in the field of studies. As defined in Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Reading is a complex cognitive process of decoding symbols in order to construct or derive meaning. It is a means of language acquisition, of communication, and of sharing information and ideas. Like all language, it is a complex interaction between the text and the reader which is shaped by the reader’s prior knowledge, experiences, and attitude. It is one of the best ways of broadening one’s knowledge and expanding one’s horizon. The ability to read means the ability to comprehend any printed text. Reading skills and ability play a vital role in raising academic performance of every individual specifically the high school students. With the fast pace of life today and the great knowledge explosion, there is so much printed material around us that the ability to read rapidly has become a most important asset. Rapid reading habits enable a student to accomplish more in a comparatively shorter time, to finish the school requirements, and still have time for leisure or recreational reading. But in spite of the proliferation of different printed reading materials, it’s quite distressful to accept the fact that mostly of the students today are still experiencing difficulties in reading. This is evident in their academic performance in school. The development of varied printed materials cannot solely solve the upsetting problems in reading. Department of Education has been applying varied interventions and innovations to respond to these problems, many schools are using the DepEd programs about reading like the Phil-IRI for elementary and SRI for secondary; nevertheless non-readers in many public schools still cannot be eradicated. As a result, performance indicators of many schools are affected. The inability to read by these students may cause drop-outs or failure. A number of struggling readers have been increasing yearly, specifically in public schools. This present scenario is quite alarming thus reading interventions must be given immediate emphasis. One intervention that could be applicable for the existing problem is remedial reading. Reading remediation can be identified as a general process of re-teaching. It can be directed toward each child’s specific needs and inadequacies. Various remedial measures could be used by any educational institution to diagnose factors responsible for reading disabilities and to improve those who are poor or indifferent readers. Villamin enumerates the basic principles or remedial reading. They are as follows; treatment must be based on the understanding of the instructional needs, remedial instruction must be organized, reading process must be made meaningful to the learners, every child’s principle must be considered, reading activities must be encouraging, materials and activities must be suitable to the child’s reading ability. Such principles mentioned, once applied to actual remedial reading instruction might contribute a lot for the success of the program. Background of the Study One of the usual dilemmas of reading teachers in high school is the inability to read and comprehend by the students specifically the grade seven learners. In fact mostly of the public high school English teachers are experiencing this. Some of the learners had been promoted from elementary even they are not proficient in reading and comprehending as well. Same situation is happening in San Cristobal National High School, a school that is located in the remote barrio in San Pablo City. A school that lies beneath the mountains of Mt. Cristobal and Mt. Banahaw where the usual residents’ source of living are farming and hog raising. Due to the barrio’s distant from the city, the former Brgy. Chairman, Gabriel Enabore together with the Brgy. Council prepared an ordinance of establishing a Baragay High School, presented it to the City Mayor for approval and endorsed to the Ministry of Education. Upon approval of the city government through the Ministry of Education, the Barangay High School was established immediately to respond to the immediate needs of the residents in the area. However there were no enough budgets for the purchase of lot and for the construction of the high school building as a result, the high school students were temporarily housed to the elementary school. Mr. Venus Avanzado, a former part-time CAT instructor of the school that time, donated a parcel of his land to be utilized in putting up the high school building. Almost all the parents of the high school students are grateful due to the establishment of the said school; nevertheless, since most of them are not well educated, they are not aware of monitoring the status of their children in school. After 18 years of teaching fourth year students in San Cristobal National High School, the researcher was designated to attend the K-12 training and was also assigned to teach the Grade 7 formerly first year high school students. During the first year of teaching in grade 7, the researcher became quite alarmed of the up growing number of students having difficulty in reading. The former freshman teachers in fact admitted that mostly of the freshmen students can read but without comprehension. These students cannot read within, between and beyond the lines, in short they are considered as struggling readers. As shown in the Secondary Reading Inventory Test (SRI) records, the researcher noted that a number of first year high school students fall under frustration level. For this reason the academic performance of these students declined as proven in the NAT result record. Aside from the NAT records, the academic performance of a number of students in every grading period in English is not increasing due to their difficulties in reading and comprehending as well. This current scenario prompted the researcher to conduct a study to address the needs of the students and the school as well. In the light of these observations, it is out timely to conduct this study to find out some possible variables about remedial reading and its affect on the academic performance of the Grade 7 learners in San Cristobal National High school, San Pablo city for the school year 2013-2014. Theoretical Framework Murray’s Interactive Theory cited by Tejero (2010) postulates that reading is an interaction involving the reader and the text being read. Meaning it is not only in the mind of the person during the reading act nor is it only in the text being read. It is instead the interaction between the text read and the reader’s various sources that determine the amount and type of comprehension that take place. Reading models have been conceptualized in the following; bottom-up, top-down and interactive models. For Gough’s bottom-up model mentioned by Tejero (2010) his essential element is the text rather than what the reader brings to the text. Goodman’s (1985) top-down model cited also by Tejero (2010) focuses attention on the reader. Thus the reader brings information based on past experience. On the other hand, Rumelhart (1985) also cited by Tejero (2010) postulates interactive model which is the combination of bottom-up and top-down views of reading. For him a reader may be top-down if he is reading familiar material and bottom- up when reading unfamiliar information. Other related theories of reading are; The Traditional view, the Cognitive view, the Metacognitive view. In the traditional view of reading, novice readers acquire a set of hierarchically ordered sub-skills that sequentially build toward comprehension ability. McCarthy (2004) has called this view ‘outside-in’ processing; referring to the idea that meaning exists in the printed page and is interpreted by the reader then taken in. This model of reading has almost always been under attack as being insufficient and defective for the main reason that it relies on the formal features of the language, mainly words. The Cognitive view The ‘top-down’ model is in direct opposition to the ‘ bottom-up’ model. According to Nunan, et. al (2005), the psycholinguistic model of reading and the top-down model are in exact concordance. From the study of Goodman (1966) as cited by Paran, (2002) presented reading as a psycholinguistic guessing game, a process in which readers sample the text, make hypotheses, confirm or reject them, make new hypotheses, and so forth. Here, the reader rather than the text is at the heart of the reading process and structure. The Metacognitive view involves thinking about what one is doing while reading. Klein et al. (2004) stated that strategic readers attempt the following while reading: Identifying the purpose of the reading before reading Identifying the form or type of the text before reading thinking about the general character and features of the form or type of the text. For instance, they try to locate a topic sentence and follow supporting details toward a conclusion. The Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework of this study is shown in the research paradigm which illustrates the relationship between the respondents’ remedial reading effects and related factors (independent variables) and the learners’ academic performance in English (dependent variables) RESEARCH PARADIGM Independent VariablesDependent Variables 1. Respondents’ Related Factors Age Gender Parent’s educational attainment Availability of reading materials at home 2. Remedial reading related variables 2. 1 Student related factors: Physiological Intellectual Psychological Linguistic Sociological 2. 2 Teacher related factors Competency Instructional materials Evaluation techniques 3. Reading Level Independent Instructional Frustration Figure 1 Shows the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Frame 1 consists of the independent variables namely; profile of the respondents, remedial reading related variable; student related, teachers related and impact of remedial reading. Frame 2 shows the dependent variable which is the learners academic performance in English. Statement of the Problem. This study dealt with the remedial reading and its effect on the academic performance of the Grade 7 learners in San Cristobal National High School, San Pablo City during the School Year 2013-2014. Specifically, this attempted to answer the following questions: 1. What are the respondents’ related factors in terms of : 1. 1 age 1. 2 gender 1. 3 parent’s educational attainment 1. 4 availability of reading materials at home 2. What is the perception of the respondents in the remedial reading related variables in terms of : 2. 1 student factors Physiological Intellectual Psychological Linguistic Sociological 2. 2 teacher factors. Competency Instructional materials Evaluation techniques 3. What is the reading level of the respondents as to: 3. 1 Independent 3. 2 Instructional 3. 3 Frustration 4. What is the academic performance of the respondents in English? 5. Is the academic performance in English of the respondents significantly related to the following: 5. 1 Respondents related factor 5. 2 Remedial reading related variables 5. 3 Reading level Research Hypothesis After a careful study, the following were considered as hypothesis. 1. The academic performance in English of the respondents is not significantly related to the following factors: 1. 1 Respondents’ related factors 1. 2 Remedial reading related variables 1. 3 Respondents’ reading level SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The result of this study had proven the importance to the following domain: The administrator may discover inventive designs in improving the academic performance of the students by advocating the importance of enhancing the student’s reading skills and ability. The teachers will determine the different factors that may affect the reading skills and ability of the Grade 7 learners and that they may use innovative strategies in teaching reading to improve their academic performance. The parents will realize the role and importance of parental assistance in motivating and developing the interest of the students in reading. The students will recognize the importance of reading as it is their basic tool for learning. Scope and Limitation of the Study This study focused on the remedial reading and its effect on the academic performance of Grade 7 learners in San Cristobal National High School, San Pablo City during the Academic Year 2013-2014. Eighty out of one hundred thirty learners were the respondents of this study. These eighty respondents were learners who fall under instructional and frustration level during the Secondary Reading Inventory Pre-test. This Definition of Terms For better and clearer understanding the following terms were defined operationally. Age. One of the variables under the respondents’ profile that refers to the chronological age of the grade 7 learners who are the subject of this study. Gender. Pertaining to the respondents gender as to male or female Parents’ educational attainment. The highest level of education obtained by the respondents’ parents. Availability of reading materials. The respondents’ available reading materials at home. Physiological factors. Refers to the respondents’ physical attributes and capability. Intellectual factors. The respondents’ ability to recognize, comprehend, interpret and analyze any printed word. Psychological factors. It is the respondents’ emotional readiness and stability. Linguistic factors. The respondents’ exposure in the use of language and the background they have obtained. Sociological factors. Refers to the respondents social well being/ behavior and eagerness to deal with the peer. Competency. Refers to the teacher’s competence in teaching reading, his skills and strategies, including his experience and professional growth. Instructional materials. The instructional tools used by the teacher in teaching reading. Evaluation techniques. Refers to the types of assessments used by the teacher in evaluating the students ability and performance. Independent. It is the respondents’ reading level where the reading comprehension falls under independent or 90-100% and the reading speed falls under fast. Instructional. The respondents’ reading level where the reading comprehension is instructional or75-89% and the reading speed is average. Frustration. The respondents’ reading level where the reading comprehension falls under frustration or below 75% and the reading speed is either average or slow. Introduction One of the most valuable skills a person can acquire is the ability to read well. It is difficult to discover any ability in the school, in the home, in business, or in any other field of endeavor today that does not require reading. People read to get information, to buy things wisely, for recreation, and for a great many other reasons. More reading is being done today than it ever was in the past. According to Smith (1988) reading is an important factor that greatly affects an individuals’ adjustment in life. It is a key to success in school, to the development of out-of school interests, to the enjoyment of leisure time and to the personal and social adjustment. It helps one to adjust to his/her age mates, to become independent from parents and teachers to select and prepare for an occupation and to achieve social responsibilities. Villamin (1999) considers reading as an essential key that unlocks the door to the world of enlightenment and enjoyment and the basic tool for learning in the content field. The absence of reading skill will greatly affect an individual’s adjustment in life. William Gray, known as the father of reading defines reading as a four- step process: perception of the word, comprehension of its meaning, reaction to the meaning in terms of prior knowledge and integration of idea into one’s background of experience. In every chosen field, the proficiency in reading is extremely important because it plays a vital role in achieving success. The ability to read well, leads many students to be competent and be more confident in meeting all the challenges in the field of studies. As defined in Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Reading is a complex cognitive process of decoding symbols in order to construct or derive meaning. It is a means of language acquisition, of communication, and of sharing information and ideas. Like all language, it is a complex interaction between the text and the reader which is shaped by the reader’s prior knowledge, experiences, and attitude. It is one of the best ways of broadening one’s knowledge and expanding one’s horizon. The ability to read means the ability to comprehend any printed text. Reading skills and ability play a vital role in raising academic performance of every individual specifically the high school students. With the fast pace of life today and the great knowledge explosion, there is so much printed material around us that the ability to read rapidly has become a most important asset. Rapid reading habits enable a student to accomplish more in a comparatively shorter time, to finish the school requirements, and still have time for leisure or recreational reading. But in spite of the proliferation of different printed reading materials, it’s quite distressful to accept the fact that mostly of the students today are still experiencing difficulties in reading. This is evident in their academic performance in school. The development of varied printed materials cannot solely solve the upsetting problems in reading. Department of Education has been applying varied interventions and innovations to respond to these problems, many schools are using the DepEd programs about reading like the Phil-IRI for elementary and SRI for secondary; nevertheless non-readers in many public schools still cannot be eradicated. As a result, performance indicators of many schools are affected. The inability to read by these students may cause drop-outs or failure. A number of struggling readers have been increasing yearly, specifically in public schools. This present scenario is quite alarming thus reading interventions must be given immediate emphasis. One intervention that could be applicable for the existing problem is remedial reading. Reading remediation can be identified as a general process of re-teaching. It can be directed toward each child’s specific needs and inadequacies. Various remedial measures could be used by any educational institution to diagnose factors responsible for reading disabilities and to improve those who are poor or indifferent readers. Villamin enumerates the basic principles or remedial reading. They are as follows; treatment must be based on the understanding of the instructional needs, remedial instruction must be organized, reading process must be made meaningful to the learners, every child’s principle must be considered, reading activities must be encouraging, materials and activities must be suitable to the child’s reading ability. Such principles mentioned, once applied to actual remedial reading instruction might contribute a lot for the success of the program. Background of the Study One of the usual dilemmas of reading teachers in high school is the inability to read and comprehend by the students specifically the grade seven learners. In fact mostly of the public high school English teachers are experiencing this. Some of the learners had been promoted from elementary even they are not proficient in reading and comprehending as well. Same situation is happening in San Cristobal National High School, a school that is located in the remote barrio in San Pablo City. A school that lies beneath the mountains of Mt. Cristobal and Mt. Banahaw where the usual residents’ source of living are farming and hog raising. Due to the barrio’s distant from the city, the former Brgy. Chairman, Gabriel Enabore together with the Brgy. Council prepared an ordinance of establishing a Baragay High School, presented it to the City Mayor for approval and endorsed to the Ministry of Education. Upon approval of the city government through the Ministry of Education, the Barangay High School was established immediately to respond to the immediate needs of the residents in the area. However there were no enough budgets for the purchase of lot and for the construction of the high school building as a result, the high school students were temporarily housed to the elementary school. Mr. Venus Avanzado, a former part-time CAT instructor of the school that time, donated a parcel of his land to be utilized in putting up the high school building. Almost all the parents of the high school students are grateful due to the establishment of the said school; nevertheless, since most of them are not well educated, they are not aware of monitoring the status of their children in school. After 18 years of teaching fourth year students in San Cristobal National High School, the researcher was designated to attend the K-12 training and was also assigned to teach the Grade 7 formerly first year high school students. During the first year of teaching in grade 7, the researcher became quite alarmed of the up growing number of students having difficulty in reading. The former freshman teachers in fact admitted that mostly of the freshmen students can read but without comprehension. These students cannot read within, between and beyond the lines, in short they are considered as struggling readers. As shown in the Secondary Reading Inventory Test (SRI) records, the researcher noted that a number of first year high school students fall under frustration level. For this reason the academic performance of these students declined as proven in the NAT result record. Aside from the NAT records, the academic performance of a number of students in every grading period in English is not increasing due to their difficulties in reading and comprehending as well. This current scenario prompted the researcher to conduct a study to address the needs of the students and the school as well. In the light of these observations, it is out timely to conduct this study to find out some possible variables about remedial reading and its affect on the academic performance of the Grade 7 learners in San Cristobal National High school, San Pablo city for the school year 2013-2014. Theoretical Framework Murray’s Interactive Theory cited by Tejero (2010) postulates that reading is an interaction involving the reader and the text being read. Meaning it is not only in the mind of the person during the reading act nor is it only in the text being read. It is instead the interaction between the text read and the reader’s various sources that determine the amount and type of comprehension that take place. Reading models have been conceptualized in the following; bottom-up, top-down and interactive models. For Gough’s bottom-up model mentioned by Tejero (2010) his essential element is the text rather than what the reader brings to the text. Goodman’s (1985) top-down model cited also by Tejero (2010) focuses attention on the reader. Thus the reader brings information based on past experience. On the other hand, Rumelhart (1985) also cited by Tejero (2010) postulates interactive model which is the combination of bottom-up and top-down views of reading. For him a reader may be top-down if he is reading familiar material and bottom- up when reading unfamiliar information. Other related theories of reading are; The Traditional view, the Cognitive view, the Metacognitive view. In the traditional view of reading, novice readers acquire a set of hierarchically ordered sub-skills that sequentially build toward comprehension ability. McCarthy (2004) has called this view ‘outside-in’ processing; referring to the idea that meaning exists in the printed page and is interpreted by the reader then taken in. This model of reading has almost always been under  attack as being insufficient and defective for the main reason that it relies on the formal features of the language, mainly words. The Cognitive view The ‘top-down’ model is in direct opposition to the ‘ bottom-up’ model. According to Nunan, et. al (2005), the psycholinguistic model of reading and the top-down model are in exact concordance. From the study of Goodman (1966) as cited by Paran, (2002) presented reading as a psycholinguistic guessing game, a process in which readers sample the text, make hypotheses, confirm or reject them, make new hypotheses, and so forth. Here, the reader rather than the text is at the heart of the reading process and structure. The Metacognitive view involves thinking about what one is doing while reading. Klein et al. (2004) stated that strategic readers attempt the following while reading: Identifying the purpose of the reading before reading Identifying the form or type of the text before reading thinking about the general character and features of the form or type of the text. For instance, they try to locate a topic sentence and follow supporting details toward a conclusion. The Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework of this study is shown in the research paradigm which illustrates the relationship between the respondents’ remedial reading effects and related factors (independent variables) and the learners’ academic performance in English (dependent variables) RESEARCH PARADIGM Independent VariablesDependent Variables 1. Respondents’ Related Factors Age Gender Parent’s educational attainment Availability of reading materials at home 2. Remedial reading related variables 2. 1 Student related factors: Physiological. Intellectual Psychological Linguistic Sociological 2. 2 Teacher related factors Competency Instructional materials Evaluation techniques 3. Reading Level Independent Instructional Frustration Figure 1 Shows the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Frame 1 consists of the independent variables namely; profile of the respondents, remedial reading related variable; student related, teachers related and impact of remedial reading. Frame 2 shows the dependent variable which is the learners academic performance in English. Statement of the Problem This study dealt with the remedial reading and its effect on the academic performance of the Grade 7 learners in San Cristobal National High School, San Pablo City during the School Year 2013-2014. Specifically, this attempted to answer the following questions: 1. What are the respondents’ related factors in terms of : 1. 1 age 1. 2 gender 1. 3 parent’s educational attainment 1. 4 availability of reading materials at home 2. What is the perception of the respondents in the remedial reading related variables in terms of : 2. 1 student factors Physiological Intellectual Psychological Linguistic Sociological 2. 2 teacher factors Competency Instructional materials Evaluation techniques 3. What is the reading level of the respondents as to: 3. 1 Independent 3. 2 Instructional 3. 3 Frustration 4. What is the academic performance of the respondents in English? 5. Is the academic performance in English of the respondents significantly related to the following: 5. 1 Respondents related factor 5. 2 Remedial reading related variables 5. 3 Reading level Research Hypothesis. After a careful study, the following were considered as hypothesis. 1. The academic performance in English of the respondents is not significantly related to the following factors: 1. 1 Respondents’ related factors 1. 2 Remedial reading related variables 1. 3 Respondents’ reading level SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The result of this study had proven the importance to the following domain: The administrator may discover inventive designs in improving the academic performance of the students by advocating the importance of enhancing the student’s reading skills and ability. The teachers will determine the different factors that may affect the reading skills and ability of the Grade 7 learners and that they may use innovative strategies in teaching reading to improve their academic performance. The parents will realize the role and importance of parental assistance in motivating and developing the interest of the students in reading. The students will recognize the importance of reading as it is their basic tool for learning. Scope and Limitation of the Study. This study focused on the remedial reading and its effect on the academic performance of Grade 7 learners in San Cristobal National High School, San Pablo City during the Academic Year 2013-2014. Eighty out of one hundred thirty learners were the respondents of this study. These eighty respondents were learners who fall under instructional and frustration level during the Secondary Reading Inventory Pre-test. This Definition of Terms For better and clearer understanding the following terms were defined operationally. Age. One of the variables under the respondents’ profile that refers to the chronological age of the grade 7 learners who are the subject of this study. Gender. Pertaining to the respondents gender as to male or female Parents’ educational attainment. The highest level of education obtained by the respondents’ parents. Availability of reading materials. The respondents’ available reading materials at home. Physiological factors. Refers to the respondents’ physical attributes and capability. Intellectual factors. The respondents’ ability to recognize, comprehend, interpret and analyze any printed word. Psychological factors. It is the respondents’ emotional readiness and stability. Linguistic factors. The respondents’ exposure in the use of language and the background they have obtained. Sociological factors. Refers to the respondents social well being/ behavior and eagerness to deal with the peer. Competency. Refers to the teacher’s competence in teaching reading, his skills and strategies, including his experience and professional growth. Instructional materials. The instructional tools used by the teacher in teaching reading. Evaluation techniques. Refers to the types of assessments used by the teacher in evaluating the students ability and performance. Independent. It is the respondents’ reading level where the reading comprehension falls under independent or 90-100% and the reading speed falls under fast. Instructional. The respondents’ reading level where the reading comprehension is instructional or75-89% and the reading speed is average. Frustration. The respondents’ reading level where the reading comprehension falls under frustration or below 75% and the reading speed is either average or slow.

Attitude Legislation And Litigation Education Essay

Attitude Legislation And Litigation Education Essay Provision of education in the current world has been faced with many challenges especially regarding the equality issues in the society. This paper addresses the social implications of attitude, legislation and litigation on the lives of students with disabilities. Introduction Over the years, disabled people in the society have been forced to live with many challenges regarding their disabled status. Disabled people have several problems in terms of movement, education and many other social activities as they are not able to participate and be able to be involved in these activities. The education sector has not been left out as the disabled students are faced with many challenges in learning compared to their fellow students who are not disabled. The society has been forced to come up with ways in which the disabled can be given preferential treatment and services compared to the other members of the society through introduction of legislation and mitigations to govern the educati on of the disabled. For the past years, the services given to people with disability especially in the education sector have been ineffective as a result of several reasons that cause poor service delivery to the disabled in the special education sector. Financial issue has been a major hindrance in provision of services in the special education sector as there have been issues of fewer funds allocated to this sector. There is also a problem regarding logistics as the assistance and services offered by several agencies require a lot of effort for them to act and give the necessary help needed (Gordon, 2004 p.72-89). The attitude of people towards people with disabilities has several impacts on the lives of the people living with disabilities. The disabled have been forced to live with the impacts of negative social attitude towards them and a further social stigma apart from the larger problem they are facing regarding their mental or physical impediments as a result of their disabi lity. The negative attitude towards people with disabilities can be seen through social rejection of disabled people by the society members a vice that is present across several cultures. People with disabilities have several more needs than that of a normal person and therefore there is development of a notion in the society that people with disabilities are a burden to the society. This factor helps nature the negative attitude towards people with disabilities in the society. This negative attitude impacts negatively on the lives of students with disabilities as it makes them see themselves as a burden to the society from their many needs and furthers the social stigma these students are faced with a factor that impacts negatively on their education. Attitude towards people with disability has been negatively displayed through several cultures that see mental retardation as souls that are possessed by evil spirits or punished by God and hence require religious interventions or exo rcism. Such attitudes vested in the minds of people impacts negatively on their attitude towards the disabled as they are forced to see the disabled as less human beings and further the social stigma faced by people with disability (Gordon, 2004 p.72-89)

Plagiarism (research-effects, causes, solutions) Essay

Plagiarism (research-effects, causes, solutions) - Essay Example (Power F C, et al., 2008, p.338.). Obviously all these factors encourage students to commit deliberate cheating in their works. However, there are situations when inadvertent plagiarism occurs. It may happen if the student does not know the proper rules of citation or the general convention of plagiarism. Instructors have the moral responsibility to educate students about the right method of using sources. Although students are always considered as the perpetrators, to a great extent, plagiarism is the failure of schooling system. To illustrate, monotonous lectures, uninteresting assignments, useless or repeated works are some of the causes why students tend to plagiarize in their course. Many schools are not concerned about the quality of the coursework they assign to their students. Teachers often use the same assignment semester after semester which inevitably prompt students to copy from others. If teachers are not innovative in designing course work, they can not insist students to be serious about their work. Hence, plagiarism is unintentionally promoted in many institutions. It happens as we forget the basic objectives of education. The sole objective of education is to create potential and responsible citizens. If the system fails to generate trained professionals, in the long run, it would destruct the overall stability of the nation. In fact, plagiarism is a multifaceted issue that has far reaching effects on the society. Initially, it hampers the creativity of the students who plagiarize. Since the plagiarist does not initiate any effort to the assignment, his/her intellectual abilities will not be enhanced. Secondly, the act would cause relationship breakdown between student and teacher. (Eisner & Vicinus, 2008, p.190). Moreover, students miss the opportunity to acquire further knowledge in their subjects. Although cheating would

NSB224 RESEARCH APPROACHES IN NURSING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

NSB224 RESEARCH APPROACHES IN NURSING - Essay Example (2). The abstract is a very important paragraph of the article. The length of the abstract is based on the journal for which the article is written, and normally does not extend beyond 250 words. This makes precision in the use of words and coherence of the matter important elements of the abstract. It is written as a single paragraph without references, providing the substance of the article. From such a perspective of a good abstract, the abstract the article can be rated as good. (3) The introduction is usually a few paragraphs in length written with the purpose of introducing the issue being investigated by the article, the relevance of the issue to the health care services and nursing. The problem of debilitation associated with hemodialysis is clearly mentioned at the outset, though not easily identifiable, owing to the structure of the introduction, wherein a number of issues are brought in one after the other. The problem is of significance to nursing, as it is nursing care that is essentially involved in patients on hemodialysis recovering their functional abilities and improving their well-being. (3). The main purpose of the literature review is to provide an understanding of what is known on the health subject or health problem. In doing so it gives clarity to the deficits in the current understanding of the health subject and how the article contributes to enhancing the understanding of the subject or problem. A good literature review draws information from reliable sources like peer-reviewed journal articles and books on the subject. It does not just summarize the information from these resources, but critically evaluates the information and looks at the connection of the information provide by these resources with regard to the topic of the article. In this way the literature review links the information from the different sources, provides

Legalization of Prostitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Legalization of Prostitution - Essay Example However, some sex service markets have no apparent coercion or forceful nature and involve sufficient compensation for the service provider. Arguments about the legalization prospects of prostitution normally revolve around the genuine existence of voluntary markets, as well as whether sex markets are inherently harmful, oppressive, and coercive to the subjects and third parties with no involvement (Cameron 12). Prostitutes are probably one of the most stigmatized people in the world. Those against the service contend that it should remain illegal because it is immoral, shameful, and has no place in a social order that is just. In addition, some feminist groups argue for its illegalization since it is a relic of patriarchal societies. On the other hand, those arguing for its legalization contend that it is a necessary evil, while most prostitutes believe that men need prostitution because it offers relief from complicated sex and loneliness. Abolitionist approaches to prostitution only criminalizes activities that profit from sex and human trafficking, rather than the sex service provider who are treated as exploited victims (Cameron 13). There are three standard approaches taken when considering sex markets that have no forced sex involved, including decriminalization, legalization, and prohibition. The latter approach criminalizes activities of clients, providers, and those profiting from transactions in the market, while the legalization argument is tolerant t o the sex business and markets with industry-specific restrictions. The decriminalization approach, on the other hand, seeks to regulate sex markets as any other by removing special and criminal restrictions and regulations. The abolitionist approach lumps prostitution and sex trafficking together, while the decriminalization approach views sex markets as requiring regulations but not

The final project should be an integration of your scholarly study Essay

The final project should be an integration of your scholarly study during the semester and a personal reflection on your service experience - Essay Example The enduring purpose of the institution is to develop a love and fondness for God, service to others, self-knowledge and respect for all creation and these missions were overly significant in my development and also the connection I built with the students. I started on 2nd June, 2014, and my main work was to ensure that the children received their snacks and that they were doing what they were supposed to. I was also charged with taking them out to the playing ground during their play time and setting their beds up for a nap. At first, I used to feel nervous. However, Dr. Zukowski words always inspired me because I always recalled him telling me to try and get out of the box. At once, I noticed a group of children staring at me and one ran up to me and hugged me. I froze for a second then I said hi to all children. Even though, I still remained nervous the entire day, I hoped that it would change in the future. On 9th June, 2014, I learnt that children have a very good memory. When I walked into the class, all the children recalled my name and I had just told them once. It was a shock to me. From them onwards, I decided to try and know all the names of the students because this could also make them feel important. 9th June was also the graduation day for some of the students. Just seeing them getting ready to leave felt kind of sad even though I had not known them for long. I think it was more about me thinking that I am also graduating this year and it made me realize that going to miss the professors and friends I made at Felician College. But, on the other hand, I feel so proud of myself just as I felt proud of the children today. All the goals and mission stated at the beginning of this paper overly helped me in my service to the children, and I understood myself more after the work. We also had two birthday parties on that same day and we sang happy birthday songs as I helped pass out ice cream to all the

Reflexivity in relation to anthropologicalethnographic filmmaking Essay

Reflexivity in relation to anthropologicalethnographic filmmaking - Essay Example The Ax Fight was originally created to show students the difficulty in placing a single point-of-view out of a certain field experience. The footages actualize the teaching process and problematize the translation from one cultural experience to another cultural idiom, within which the anthropologist often condenses, analyzes and-makes intellectual models (Ennis, Asch, 1). In the first unedited section of the film all the events are presented and the sound continues even after the film goes dark and the comments of Chagnon, Asch and Johnson are just heard. In the second part, Napoleon Chagnon explains the socio-political significance of the fighter's behavior. The third part, delves more into the socio-cultural complications of the village people. The final section is an edited version. Timothy wanted his students to understand the shortcoming of a film that is has smooth editing and fibula structure like the Nanook of the North. Films like The Ax Fight show how an intellectual inter vention influences an onlooker. The film is also a direct criticism of the inconsistencies of spectatorship and how the desired effect in understanding is achieved by a good filmmaker. Contrary to pre-disposed notions in science and filmmaking, anthropological faithfulness to observation of another culture cannot ever be beyond bias, unless reflexivity is used to both question that objectivity and nurture mental exercise within the spectators. Anthropological filmmaking combines two processes together. One is the filming process and the other is social science. The balance is crucial since science and art clash headlong. The frame within the camera may help to communicate cultural conditions and also further Western knowledge of the "Other", but a culture cannot be completely understood just by introducing a non-fictional narrative as Flaherty does. The limitations are numerous. First, a narrative forces the plot of the actual observation towards a composition of a fiction. Flaherty wanted to manipulate viewers understanding of the biography of Nanook and not further any racist understanding of the Eskimo culture. But with Timothy Asch reflexivity is the first sta nce to question the all-understanding nature of the anthropologist. He wanted to keep certain signs and their nature open to critical interpretation and never risk a comfortable lapse leading to an acceptance from his audience. The conscious effort to keep the audience visually uncomfortable while watching the fight makes the confrontation of inter-cultural experience more critical. Accumulation of data, the process of accumulating it, narration, and little editing of the film may help the nature of critical viewership and gives minimum control to the maker. Timothy and Chagnon relinquish all control of their point-of-view and plunges their own spectatorship with that of the audience in such a way so that it becomes impossible to neglect the cultural and ideological subjectivity of the anthropologists. The students are left to situate the filmed observations within the sphere of public and uniform scientific study. The anthropologists become a part of the study themselves since their psychological perspectives are of profound value in regard to the choice of the subject itself. Human recording of another human behavior is the proper subject of postmodern dialogism. The indefinite and inadequate interplay of

An Evaluation of the Teacher Certification Process Research Paper

An Evaluation of the Teacher Certification Process - Research Paper Example In this paper, I will endeavor to discuss the traditional route for attaining a teaching certificate, and the alternative routes available to becoming a teacher. Certification, from the very essence of the word, pertains to the process wherein students receive a professional credit from their colleges or universities for completing all the requirements of their curriculum and for being a graduate of their program. Normally, students receive a professional certification through engaging in a four-year college or university degree, which is basically the same for the standard teacher certification route. In the standard route, also called traditional certification process, students have to take a four-year college or university bachelor’s degree (for instance education courses), complete all the requirements from different subjects, serve as a student teacher for a certain number of months under the guidance of a certified classroom teacher, and take the state mandated teaching certification test to obtain a teaching license (Steeley, 2010). The standard certification route requires students to complete a bachelor’s degree with a carefully planned coursework, which means that there are obligatory subjects that students have to take each year of their studies (Teachers Support, 2011). For example, during the first year of their studies students are required to take fundamental courses in English, science, math, and history, or sometimes categorized as the general education courses. In the second year, the students have to take major courses in education, or courses which are more centered on the subject of education, for instance theories in teaching, psychology of teaching, and others. Teaching methods will then be the focus of the students’ third and fourth years, and two of the most critical parts of these teaching methods are the teacher training program and the supervised student teaching. After the completion of all the bachelor degreeâ €™s requirements, the students are expected to take and pass the state mandated standard teaching certification examination. The traditional route for obtaining a teaching certificate is perceived to be most suitable for students who just graduated high school and are pursuing a college education in teaching (Watts, 2008). Since this type of teacher certification sets the highest requirements for teachers, this route is basically appropriate for those students who have the time and financial capabilities to support their studies. On the other hand, the alternative, or non-traditional, routes for obtaining a teacher certification is designed for those individuals who have not completed a four-year bachelor’s degree in education through a university or college but are interested in attaining a certificate in teaching. It might be that these individuals who are seeking for alternative route teaching certificate have already completed a bachelor’s or master’s de gree in a different field, or career changers (Teachers Support, 2011). Furthermore, the alternative routes to certification suit those people who lack the time and money to go through the traditional certification process. The various alternative routes for obtaining a teaching certificate have surfaced due to the alleged shortage of teachers (Steeley, 2010). Due to the highly competitive standards set

The Glass Menagerie Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Glass Menagerie - Term Paper Example Tom wants to forsake his duty to his family but he seems to have difficulty in leaving Laura the most. In the play, responsibility becomes a choice between duty to one’s dreams and duty to one’s family, which is juxtaposed with gender and social class issues. The Glass Menagerie depicts that society insists that people forget their duty to their own dreams because they have to follow gender and social class norms and expectations. The concept of responsibility is a product of social conditioning, which is based on gender and social class customs. Society teaches gender norms that define the roles and responsibilities of men and women to each other. In Scene 2, Amanda expresses her disappointment with Laura after learning that the latter has dropped her classes at the business college. Amanda underscores the sacrifices made in sending Laura to school: â€Å"Fifty dollars’ tuition, all of our plans – my hopes and ambitions for you – just gone up the spout, just gone up the spout like that† (Williams ii. 369). During this time, working class women had limited educational and economic opportunities. For Amanda, Laura is throwing away the only opportunity she has to earn money and to help her brother support their family. Tom has the gravest responsibility of all because as a man, he is expected to provide for his mother and sister. Amanda constantly nags Tom of his duties to his family: â€Å"What right have you got to jeopardize your job? Jeopardize the security of us all? How do you think we’d manage if you were –† (Williams iii). Amanda cannot even say the unthinkable. She finds it unthinkable for a man to desert his family because a man’s most important duty is to his family. As a southern belle, she is a traditional woman and her conventions molded her thinking about the duties of men and women. Aside from gender division, society separates people into social classes, where the rich have mor e freedoms than the poor. Tom envies the life of the rich: â€Å"Across the alley from us was the Paradise Dance Hall. You could see [couples] kissing behind ash-pits... This was the compensation for lives that passed like mine, without any change or adventure† (Williams v. 381-82). He hates his life where duty to others is central. The play demonstrates uneven social and gender structures that affect people’s ability to be happy. Society asserts that men have the responsibility to take care of their families’ basic needs and wants. Tom has the duty to raise his family after their father left many years ago. He says: â€Å"House, house! Who pays rent on it, who makes a slave of himself to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Williams iii. 373). Society thinks it is natural for men to be breadwinners. They are the symbolic beams of the family. Tom thinks differently, however. He wants to follow his duty to himself, but for the longest time, he surrenders to social dictates. Aside fro m Tom, Jim has a duty to improve Laura’s self-confidence because he sees her as a little sister. He senses Laura’s strong insecurity because of her physical illness: â€Å"A little physical defect is what you have. Hardly noticeable even! Magnified thousands of times by imagination! You know what my strong advice to you is? Think of yourself as superior in some way!† (Williams vii. 402). In the article â€Å"Tennessee Williams's The Glass Menagerie,† Ardolino argues that the Rubicam College stands for Julius

African American Literatury Essay Example for Free

African American Literatury Essay African-American literature can be defined as writings by people of African descent living in the United States of America. The African-American literary tradition began with the oral culture long before any of the materials in it were written on. Throughout their American history, African-Americans have used the oral culture as a natural part of black expressive culture. They are very powerful voices that give fuller meanings to words on a page. The America South is an important landscape in African-American literature. The South was a primary port of entry for slaving vessels. Most black slaves remained in the Southern states. The South was an important place for the African-American literature because the South was served as the site of hope and change for the black slaves but there were also horrors. The majority of African captives entered the New World from the Southern ports and remained in the Southern states. They relied heavily on the African cultural heritage and belief systems familiar to them. During their 300 years of slavery and servitude, black slaves and their descendants developed a complex relationship with the South. Amiri Baraka concluded that the South is a part of the scene of the crime, a land that is about the site of hope and the scene of the crime. For many African Americans, the South serves as the site of hope and change. The South has given birth to many African-American cultural practices, such as literature. This is the spiritual and ancestral home for African Americans and plays a dominant role in African-American literature. Before the American Civil War, African-American literature primarily focused on the issue of slavery, as indicated by the subgenre of slave narratives The most noted authors were all incited and inspired by the goings on in the south. Frederick Douglass was one of the most important African-American authors from the literary landscape in the South. He chronicled his life from bondage to freedom in his Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself (1845), which helped the American public to know the truth about the institution of slavery and dismiss the myth that slaves were happy and treated well. He said, the South was not only a notorious site of slavery, it was also a landscape of racial terror and widespread violence. The biggest crime the South ever committed is the institution and perpetuation of slavery. But the Southern landscape is more than just the â€Å"scene of the crime† in African-American literature. It has multiple personalities that demand multiple treatments. Many 20th-century African-American writers, whether born and raised in the South or not, have used the southern landscape in their works to explore the complex relationships African-American communities have with the South. In her poem â€Å"Southern Song,† Margaret Walker (1915 – 1998) sings a praise song to the southern suns and southern land despite the â€Å"mobs† and â€Å"a nightmare full of oil and flame. Southern Song I want my body bathed again by southern suns, my soul reclaimed again from southern land. I want to rest again in southern fields, in grass and hay and clover bloom; to lay my hand again upon the clay baked by a southern sun, to touch the rain-soaked earth and smell the smell of soil. I want my rest unbroken in the fields of southern earth; freedom to watch the corn wave silver in the sun and mark the splashing of a brook, a pond with ducks and frogs and count the clouds. I want no mobs to wrench me from my southern rest; no forms to take me in the night and burn my shack and make for me a nightmare full of oil and flame. I want my careless song to strike no minor key; no fiend to stand between my bodys soutnern songthe fusion of the South, my bodys song and me. Margaret Walker’s poem characterizes the complex literary representations of the South in a great deal of African-American literature, for the speaker at once basks in the beauty of her homeland (â€Å"I want my body bathed again by southern suns†). Yet at the same time experiences a homecoming complicated by the threat of Southern violence (â€Å"I want no mobs to wrench me from my southern rest†). The theme of the southern home and its layered history is a prevalent one throughout the tradition of African-American literature. In conclusion, 90 percent of African-Americans lived in the South, it is no wonder that this landscape has taken on a great deal of cultural and historical significance. Literature from the South is complex and often absurd, as the region emerges repeatedly as a site of home.

Fast food restaurant Essay Example for Free

Fast food restaurant Essay Introduction †¢ Franklin Pierce College was founded in 1962 by Frank S. DiPietro †¢ This research project was conducted from September to December of 2004 for the population of Franklin Pierce College. †¢ The population of our survey was based on the 1,591 Franklin Pierce College students on the Rindge campus. 2 Problem Statement Our research team came to the conclusion that there is a lack of fast food facilities in the Rindge area. We came to the conclusion that: Research is necessary to determine if Franklin Pierce College students would patronize a fast food chain in Rindge, NH 3 Research Objectives. †¢ Determine what criteria are important to consumers with respect to patronizing a fast food establishment. †¢ Determine which fast food restaurant would be most successful in the area. †¢ Determine fast food spending habits. 4 Methodology †¢ First, our team identified the problem of the lack of fast food restaurant choices in the area. We conducted primary research on the fast food industry, as well as speaking to others on campus to determine the fast food demand. †¢ We then created our problem statement. †¢ We then created our research objectives, and created our survey with our objectives in mind. †¢ We used convenience sampling, by handing out surveys to 30 students (15 boys and 15 girls) of each class standing, Freshman, Sophomore, Junior and Senior. †¢ We analyzed our data using SPSS software, which created our results so that we could determine our conclusions and recommendations. 5 Survey Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Are you on the Meal Plan? How many times a month do you go to the Raven’s Nest Pub? Please circle your response. Which fast food restaurant do you most prefer? Please Rate the following statements: I get hungry between the hours of 10pm and 3 am. I travel outside of Rindge for food. I patronize fast food establishments. I prefer fast food restaurants with the drive-thru option. Based on your own experiences which of the following restaurants has the best customer satisfaction? 6 Survey Continued 9. 10. 11. 12. If there were more fast food options in the Rindge area would you patronize them? What fast food chain would you like to see come to Rindge, New Hampshire? Check the appropriate gender. What’s you current class standing? 7 Are you on the Meal Plan? 25% Yes NO 75% Mode= 1 (yes) 8 How many times a month do you go to the Raven’s Nest Pub? 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 3 6 9 MEAN 9 Which fast food restaurant do you most prefer? 12% 2% Papa Johns 14% McDonalds 11% Wendys Subway 23% 38% Mode= 3 (Wendy’s). Burger King Other 10 I get Hungry between the hours of 10pm and 3am. Mean 2. 13 Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 0 10 20 30 40 11 I Travel outside of Rindge for food. 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Strongly Agree Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree 2. 38 Disagree Strongly Disagree MEAN MEAN 12 I prefer fast food with the drive-thru option. Mean 2. 53 Strongly Disagree Neutral Strongly Agree 0 10 20 30 40 13 I Patronize fast food establishments. MEAN 2. 37 Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 0 10 20 30. 40 14 Which of the following restaurants has the best customer satisfaction? 15% 8% 14% Papa Johns McDonalds 8% Wendys Subway Burger King 29% 26% Other Mode= 4 (Subway) 15 Cross Tabulations A you on the meal plan? * What i s your current cl ass standing? Crosstabulation re Count Are y ou on the meal plan? y es no Tot al What is y our c urrent class standing? Freshman Sophomore Junior Senior 30 30 14 16 16 14 30 30 30 30 Tot al 90 30 120 Case Processing Summary N Are you on the meal plan? * What is your current class standing? Valid Percent 120 100. 0% Cases Missing N Percent 0 .0% N Total Percent 120 100. 0% 16 Cross Tabulations. Case Processing Summary N Based on y our own esperiences, which of the f ollowing retaurant s has the best c ustomer sat isf action? * C heck the appropriate gender: Valid Percent 102 85. 0% N Cas es Missing Percent 18 15. 0% N Tot al Percent 120 100. 0% Based on you r o wn esp er ien ces, whi ch of th e fo llo win g r etaur an ts has th e b est cu sto mer sati sfactio n ? * C heck the ap pr o pr iate gen d er : Cr o sstabu latio n Count Based on y our own esperiences, which of the f ollowing retaurant s has the best c ustomer sat isf action? Tot al Papa Johns McDonalds Wendy s Subway Burger King Check t he appropriat e gender: Male F emale 6 4 7 10 15 16 16 18 6 4 50 52 Tot al 10 17 31 34 10 102 17 Cross Tabulations Case Processin g Summary N Which f ast f ood restaurant do y ou m ost pref er? * If t here were m ore f ast f ood options in the Rindge area, would y ou patronize t hem ? Valid Percent 106 88. 3% N Cas es Missing Percent 14 Tot al Percent N 11. 7% 120 100. 0% Wh ich fast fo od restau rant do you most p refer? * If th ere were more fast foo d o ptio ns in th e Rin dg e area, wou ld yo u p atro ni ze them? Cro sstab u latio n Count Which f ast f ood restaurant do y ou m ost pref er? Tot al Papa Johns McDonalds Wendy s Subway Burger King. If t here were more f as t f ood options in the Rindge area, would y ou patronize them? Y es No 2 12 5 37 9 21 7 12 1 84 22 Tot al 2 17 46 28 13 106 18 Limitations †¢ Small sample size †¢ Time †¢ Confusion of questions by our respondents (question 9) †¢ Lack of knowledge of SPSS software 19 Conclusions †¢ Based on our results the top three restaurants students selected to their preference were : Wendy’s with a 38. 3% rating. Second was Subway with 23. 3%, and McDonald’s with 14. 2%. †¢ 64. 2% reported that they travel outside of Rindge for food. †¢ 59. 2% students reported that they patronize fast food restaurants. 20 Conclusions Continued †¢ 78. 3% of students reported that they would patronize a fast food establishment in Rindge. †¢ Subway was recorded as having the highest customer satisfaction ratings at 28. 3%, Wendy’s followed with 25. 8%. 21 Discussion †¢ More than 87. 5% of respondents surveyed replied strongly agree, agree, or neutral when asked if they would patronize a fast food restaurant. †¢ We found that our research for our literature review stated that McDonald’s was the top choice for favorite fast food restaurant. Our survey showed that students would prefer a Wendy’s. †¢ We also found that our research stated that Papa John’s had the highest rating for customer service. Our survey respondents had little to no knowledge of the Papa John’s restaurant. 22 Recommendations †¢ A fast food restaurant should open in the Rindge area, preferably close to campus. †¢ There should be a drive-thru option based on our surveys results of 50% of students strongly agreeing or agreeing with this option. †¢ There should be a fast food establishment which offers late night service for students. Our survey resulted that 70. 8% of students strongly agreed or agreed that they get hungry between the hours of 10pm and 3am. 23 The end Thank you for your time Any Questions? 24.

The Effects Of Social Isolation Nursing Essay

The Effects Of Social Isolation Nursing Essay A 60 years old female XYZ patient was admitted in hospital with organic brain syndrome two years ago. She is still hospitalized. My first interaction with patient was when I entered her room, she told me to get out. In second interaction as I tried to talk to her, she listened to me only for two minutes but didnt answer me and instructed her care-taker to tell me to leave the room. My further attempts at interaction with the patient would result in conversations not lasting 2-4 minutes and then she would remove herself to a place where no one would bother her. Most of the time, she kept herself in her room and become aggressive when someone tried to take her outside. She couldnt concentrate on one thing more than 2 minutes. Her major symptoms were short attention span, impaired recent memory and poor judgment. In three weeks rotation I have found she was reluctant to talk with others. She felt more comfortable when no one disturbed her. Initially she was very strongly guarded but very gradually as I worked with her, things began to improve. I made small interventions to make her socialize, such as, every day I took her outside and asked her to greet the health care professionals etc. The end result of these little efforts was very positive. The health care professionals noticed a discernable change in her behavior. Now this patient greets others and responds more positively. The Doctor said she showed very positive improvements and recommended these interventions should be continued. The concept which came in my mind and very perceptibly I have found in my patient was social isolation. According to Nicholas R, Nicholson Jr. (2009) Social isolation is suggested, state in which the individual lacks a sense of belonging socially, lacks engagement with others, has a minimal number of social contacts and they are deficient in fulfilling and quality relationships(p.1346). Social isolation is a social condition that leaves significant effects on psychological well-being and physical health, with the costs of these conditions particularly higher among old and mentally ill patients. According to Havens et al. cited by Nicholas R Nicholson Jr. (2009) Psychological barriers such as decline in cognition, poor or altered mental healthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ factor that lead to social isolation (p.1346). If I relate the concept with my patient she likes to live alone, unable to share her life experiences, lack of belongingness with others, unable to do her activity daily living and these all were because of her cognitive impairment and low concentrate level which leads her towards social isolation in her. Many factors which leads to social isolation. In Pakistan, gradually we are loosing our traditional values, social bonds like family and neighborhood. With changing socio-economic and cultural conditions, we witness the emergence of nuclear families living separately rather than the traditional extended families living together. Literature on social isolation is not available about our country but I have found the South Asian Article (New Delhi India). Indian culture is similar to ours and we can easily relate their findings to our context. Age Well Foundation (2010) stated that Ever-changing socio-economic scenario of the country has resulted in emergence popularity of nuclear family à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they felt themselves completely isolated and alone (p.21). According to Age Well Foundation (2010) In urban areas 39.1% older persons were reported isolated socially as well as emotionally (p.09). In late age certain human faculties become enfeebled. For instance cognitive impairment, physical frailty, restricted ability for social interaction. If this is accompanied with social isolation, the chances of depression occurring are much increased. If the situation continues, the person is caught in a downward spiral where social isolation and depression feed on each other, and the person becomes deprived of the ability to conduct social interaction. According to Draper cited by Heather L. Menne et al. (2009) left untreated depression and depressive symptoms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ intensified problems with cognitive processing (p.554). According to Amin A. Gadit M. (2010) Among the mental illnesses, depression 22.9%prevalence of depression among elderly (p.03). Chronic illnesses, the death of friends and loved ones and feelings of social isolation can add up to social isolation in older adults. According to Ather M Taqui et al. The prevalence of depression in the elderly in our study was 19.5% (p.04). They also mentioned the cause of depression was nuclear family and due to less social interaction with family, elderly suffer from depression. Stigmatization towards mental illness is very common, which make mentally ill patients socially isolated more. Zahid, J. et al. (2006) stated The younger respondents felt that people with schizophrenia, depression and drug abuse are dangerousà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ more likely to blame people with drug abuse problems for their drug use (p.57). Care-taker perceptions towards old age people and for mentally ill patients are also contributing factor towards social isolation. According to Baltes and Smith quoted by Graeme Hawthorne (2006) It is a stereotype of later life that there is a network of loneliness, social isolation and neglect (p.522). During my mental health clinical, I observed that care-takers think that if they fulfill the patients physical needs, give them medicine on time, this is more than sufficient. Their attitudes toward old age was as they are very old, there is no hope for them to cure from mental illness. The same thing was happened with my own patient. Her care-takers perceptions were now my patient is very old and you dont need to make any efforts because since two years I am with her but there are no positive improvements. Roys Adaption Model (Roy Andrews 1999) is one conceptual and theoretical model in nursing with which social isolation fits well. In this model she focused on four modes of adaptation, physiologic-physical, Self-concept, Role function and Interdependence Mode. If human declines in one mode it has specific affects on physical and mental health. According to Nicholas R, Nicholson Jr. (2008) Being socially isolated can be conceptualized as having ineffective self-concept or Interdependence mode responses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the person has failed to adapt and this is manifested by being socially isolated (p.1349). Through this model a nurse can observe the behavior of the person is adaptive or maladaptive. Self-concept mode focused on psychological and spiritual sense of integrity and purpose of living in the universe. When someone looses sense of psychological well being, has no purpose of life, unconcerned with others, this makes a person socially isolated. Cognitive impairment is the major cause which interferes in this mode and the person feels helpless to adapt this mode effectively and goes into social isolation. Interdependence mode deals with human relationships with others, their purpose, structures and how it grows individually and in a group. When a person fails to adapt this mode appropriately and shows less concern towards close relations, or a persons loved ones show less concern toward the person it makes the person socially isolated. Social isolation has strong connection with mental illness. Social isolation and cognitive impairment go side by side. According to Ellis and Hickie cited by Graeme Hawthorne (2006) In addition there are associations between social isolation and mental illnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ premature death (p.522). My patient was socially isolated due to impaired cognitive abilities, short attention span and impaired recent and immediate memory. Older people need more concentration and care as I relate the above with my patient, she was 60 years old and struggling to remember recent events and concentrate on one point. When she failed to do these tasks which hinder her communication and daily activities, this made her more agitated and led to social isolation. In old age cognitive impairment decline daily activities, loss of interest in social interaction, face difficulties to express their own feelings and to understand others ideas. All these things also play a significant role in social isolation. According Van Oostrom cited by Graeme Hawthorne (2006) Related to difficulties with mild cognitive impairmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦partner loss and institutionalization (p.522). Research conducted on social isolation has identified many different factors that might contribute to social isolation in older adults, Physical environment factors such as place of residence, geographic distance from family or friends. According to Kaneda cited by Barratt J. (2007) In developing countries growing numbers of older à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦isolation bereft of the traditional environment of an extended family (p.02). In the light of literature, my patient was dependent on the care-taker in hospital although she fulfills her physical needs but I never observed her encourage the patient to mingle with others. In my view this was also one of the causes for her social isolation. Maintaining relationships and participating in social activities have been associated with improved memory and intelligence in the elderly. There are many strategies which as a nurse we can develop to take out a person from isolation. Studies found that educational and social activity, group interventions that target specific groups of people can alleviate social isolation among older people. Patient assessment I have covered in the scenario. I had planned strategies at the individual, family, group and institutional level. But I just got a chance to implement on the individual and institutional level. Strategies for individual: I worked on her short attention span and on social isolation. Initially I asked her to come out from the room, we would take a round in corridor. She refused but gradually she accepted. I made her friend of the other staff, explored her life achievements and acknowledged it in front of other staff; made her sit in the garden and in the television room, Every day I took her outside and encouraged her greet the health care professionals. I involved her in occupational therapy although out of eight days occupational therapy sessions she only attended three sessions and only in the last session she sat for as long as ten minutes and talked with doctor and answered the questions appropriately. I asked her the old admitted patients names and she could recall most of their names. I encouraged her to sit and talk to them. I tried to involve her in a daily routine, like, to decide what she would like to wear next day and to ensure to brush her teeth and wash her face herself. I think to involve the socially isolated patient in her daily routine is the best technique to take them out from their condition. I gave her the opportunity for decision making, such as I wanted to talk to her and where would she want to sit and for how long could we sit together. As a result, it made her talk and use her cognitive ability. I asked her about her interests. She told me, she liked to recite her religious verses and Nat I asked her to recite in the occupational therapy session. There everybody acknowledged her and she was encouraged to talk about herself. She said she had performed Hajj with her husband and now my husband is not alive. I tried to involve her in drawing but for this she strictly refused me, but asked me to write down the name of Allah. She promises to color it but later on she refused. On a group level, I tried to engage her in group activities but due to time constraint, I was not able to implement. I was planned to involve her in psycho education and in cognitive behavioral therapy, group discussions with set agendas, exercises group to promote physical activity. It was also difficult for my patient to cope at that time, but I believe if I could stay longer with her or at least go every week on clinical rather than alternate weeks, I could achieve this task as well. We can involve them in occupational therapy sessions and make a play group where they can play small native games. According to Dana A Glie, et al. (2005) elderly non demented subjects found that participating in cognitively stimulating leisure activities (e.g. playing board games) protected against development of dementia (p.865). My patient was interested in reciting the Quran and if she recites in a group it make her socialize with others and women who are gathered there can share their interests as well. According to Andersson cited by Cattan M. (2005) (1) found that among small groups of older women who lived alone and who discussed health-related topics, significantly reduced loneliness and increased social contact, self-esteem and participation in organized activities was found. (p.05) Family can also follow the above individual level strategies which I had done with my, if person lives at home. They can give appropriate time to them, involve them in their discussion. As a nurse I could conduct teaching on patient disease process and on social isolation with family and teach them how to deal with the isolated patients. At institutional level we can conduct the workshops, seminars, can make nurses group who entirely deal with isolated patient, provide more information on social isolation in different disease. Attendant nurse teaching should be conducted because they should also know the reasons; consequences of social isolation. I have conducted the teaching on social isolation and on major symptoms of my patient disease which leads to social isolation with two attendant nurses (N/A). At community level we can make community support group for old people, plan activities which they can do easily. Initially when I start reading this topic my understanding about it, was very limited. I thought loneliness and isolation are the same topic but as I read more about it I have found loneliness is purely a persons own feeling and even though a person who involves in a group or sits in a group can go through the loneliness feelings. Whereas social isolation is with-drawl from surrounding, a person has no concern with others. Before dealing with this patient I felt that to approach this patient was very difficult because this patient was not only mentally ill but also isolated and would not let others interact with her. Gradually I started and noticed the difference. Social isolation in older people is very common and it leaves its great impact on mental health. It does not only impair the cognitive ability, it also declines the daily activities. As a nurse it is our responsibility to deal these patients with endurance, educate the family and care takers to overcome the physical and mental health problems. I also learnt that there is a great contribution of care-takers to make patient socially isolated and if we as a care-taker take a responsibility to give them psychological support and treat them according to their capacity they can also spend a normal life or even we can prevent them from deteriorating.

Stem Cells -- Ethics, Research, and Regulation Essay -- Embryonic Stem

Stem Cells -- Ethics, Research, and Regulation I. Introduction: â€Å"Embryonic stem cell research offers both great promise and great peril.† - President George W. Bush, Aug. 9, 2001 Stem cell research is not new but only recently has it become widely known to the public because the benefits of the technology are coming closer to reality; the field of stem cell biology is advancing at an incredible pace with new discoveries being reported in scientific literature on a weekly basis. Scientists first announced a method of growing embryonic stem cells in a laboratory in 1981, but the cells were from a mouse. It wasn’t until five years ago that James Thomson (pictured to the leftP3) at the University of Wisconsin- Madison announced that he was able to isolate cells from the blastocyst of an early embryo.5 From research he gathered in the fields of applied reproductive biology and mouse embryology, he was able to develop the first human embryonic stem cell lines. At the same time as Mr. Thomson, John Gearhart (pictured to the rightP4)reported the first derivation of human embryonic germ cells from the primordial germ cells located inside the fetal gonadal tissu e that is key in the development of eggs and sperm. Dr. Gearhart, working at Johns Hopkins University with other prominent stem cell researchers, was then able to develop pluripotent stem cell lines by isolating stem cells from early human embryos and grow them in culture. Most recent research is focusing on two types of stem cells: pluripotent cells and adult stem cells that have been in clinical use for use but just recently were discovered to be able to develop into cells that have many of the characteristics of neurons. But even with all the information known alrea... ... the National Bioethics Advisory Commission. 4. National Institutes of Health Online. 27 August 2001. National Institutes of Health Update. 5. National Institutes of Health Online. September 2002. Stem Cell Primer. Pictures related to topic may be foud at: P1. http://www.americanfieldguide.org/newshour/extra/features/july-dec01/stem_cells.html P2. http://www.stemcellresearch.org/ P3. http://www.jsonline.com/lifestyle/people/aug01/jamie05080201.asp P4. http://www.stemcellresearchfoundation.net/Research/Gearhart.htm P5. http://www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/primer.htm P6. http://www.klaj.nu/bilder/glasyrkonst/embryo.jpg P7. http://organtx.org/images/stem%20cells%20022301.jpg P8. http://www.firstivf.com/ivf.htm

Why I Should Win The University Philosophy Club Essay Contest :: Writing Jacksonville University Essays

Why I Should Win The 1997 Jacksonville University Philosophy Club Essay Contest The Jacksonville University Philosophy Club is sponsoring its eighth annual undergraduate essay contest. The best argumentative essay, from any discipline, will receive the first place prize. I will demonstrate here why you will be compelled to award that prize to the essay that you are currently undertaking. We start this argument with the following premise, known as the Conservation of Energy. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. This is a basis of physics, and no evidence is brought against it that refutes its certainty. If we accept it, it follows that the energy in the cosmos must be finite. If we posited an infinite amount of energy, we could not speak of conserving it. Additionally, the stuff of the cosmos cannot be infinite or w e would face the contradiction that new energy would be coming into existence from nothing; ex nihilo. From this examination we must accept the entailed premise that the amount of energy must be finite. The second premise of the argument is that all becoming is of necessity. Perhaps, it is easier to frame this idea within a format of cause and effect. For the event, represented by the placeholder; Z, to be any different than it is, its cause (or causes), symbolized; Y must have necessarily been different in some manner. It follows logically that for Y to be different, then X must differ. This, like the energy in the cosmos, can not amount to an infinite set of possibilities. The possible outcomes of a pair of rolled standard die are a finite number of outcomes (six to the second power). The number of possible outcomes of any finite set of probabilities must be finite (albeit perhaps incomprehensibly large). If we extrapolate the number of outcomes from the huge number of finite possibilities we do not ever, arrive at an infinite amount. Although, one odd possibility does remain. We may come upon the case where (for the sake of simplicity) Z causes A. The chain of causes resumes wher e it once before began. Subsequently, time is infinite. It extends forever toward the past and forever into the future. We have now only to piece these premises together. Energy is a fixed quantum within the cosmos. Time proceeds through an unending series of becoming from necessity (with acknowledged shortcomings, I may interchange the terms; cause and effect).

Get the Highest Price When You Sell Your Existing Websites :: Sell Websites Buy Websites

Get the Highest Price When You Sell Your Existing Websites Reprinted with permission of VotanWeb.com It is very important not to be passive when selling your website. If you don't investigate potential buyers while they are investigating you, it will be impossible to get the best deal. While potential buyers are analyzing your website, you should analyze their website. You're looking for assessments of management's strengths: how the company will integrate your website into their current portfolio of websites. You should determine how well the company has handled previous website acquisitions, if any. It is in your best interest to visit as many websites as necessary and fully interview all top managers of previously acquired websites. When you receive several offers for your website, you must carefully analyze the future value of each proposed acquisition. Companies may offer you a combination of cash, debt, and registered or unregistered stock. You've got to assess the financial realities and future of each -- its capital base, cash flow, bank accounts, liquidity, stock value, or potential to go public -- to get a sense of how much the deal will ultimately be worth to you. When I sold the first website I developed, I accepted the offer made by a company which intended to go public soon after the acquisition of my website. This one detail increased the value of the deal substantially: the stock I received as part of the deal went public at $31.50 and was trading at around $74 only six months later. A competing offer made by a nonpublic company, offered me stock options, but I had serious questions about whether those would ever have any value, since the company might never go public. If you're trying to sell your website, you better make the sale your full-time job. Don’t be distracted by the day-to-day operation of your website or websites. Most of your time should be invested in researching your potential purchasers while tracking down figures and documentation for them and then negotiating terms.

Economics Essay

Poverty can be measured on different scales through many ways like through a Lorenz curve, a graph of the cumulative distribution function of a probability distribution which is used in representing income distribution. Lorenz curve shows distribution of assets and is considered a measure of social inequality. Gini coefficient can also be used in measuring poverty. Gini coefficient measures statistical dispersion and is usually used in measuring inequality of income distribution. High Gini coefficient means or indicates that there is high unequal distribution observed while a lower Gini coefficient indicates that there is a high equal income distribution. Trade benefits a nation in many ways. In the law of comparative advantage partners are allowed to benefit from specializing in producing services and goods they make best. When producers make goods in which they are comparably skilled or trained at, those goods increase in quality and number. Trade also improves suitability in allocation of resources. It brings goods and services to others who value them. Trade allows consumers to have more efficient production methods. Large productions are good in reducing product costs. Lower production costs may lead to much cheaper services and goods which may increase living standards. Human capital, one of the factors of production which refers to the reserve of technical knowledge and productive skills found in labor. It is one of the factors which influence an economic system like in market economy. An example to this is the market economy in the U. S. in which workers acquire knowledge and skills. Training and education increases human capital which make the worker more precious to their employers. Today, software developers and computer programmers are in demand making them more trained and skilled resulting to a high human capital and this in turn may benefit the economic system that the U. S. has.

How is happiness conveyed in Jane Austen’s Emma and Charlotte Bronte’s Villette?

The ordinal century was an era of great disco very, aim and social change as a result of political unrest in the previous age. The Ameri piece of ass Revolution which culminated in the United States Declaration of Indep arrestence, lead to a change in political thought, delivery ideas of Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness (1776 line4), though how very much this extended to women is debate sufficient. Published thirty-seven age apart, Emma and Villette tell the stories of 2 girls leave-takingning to beat joy in difficult societies.The devil lead records atomic number 18 very contrasting Emma is a respected, wealthy and attractive progeny cleaning lady yet rather spoilt, whitheras Lucy S at one timee is supine and secretive, with no signifi great dealt amount of bullion or family connections. Living in the aforementi unrivalledd(prenominal) century, thitherfore, it would makem safe to assume that the girls would start happiness in the aforementi stard(pre nominal) things imprecatey ships company, money and a felicitous marriage. As Philip Davis argues, Victorian tonics (though Emma predates Victorias reign by well-nigh twenty years) were concerned still with Humanity, Duty, Vocation, Work, trade union and Family (20022).How incessantly, this is non the case for either of the girls. Lucy grows harbor in solitude and any(prenominal) of the passages in Brontes novel where she is close at sculptural relief are those in which she is alone. If not alone, Lucy prefers the company of just one or two trusted friends, notwithstanding even this is problematical, as she lots hides her feelings from the indorser. Emma on the other hand, appears to retire pleasure in religious serviceing others to be prosperous often to their detriment What endure be said, nonetheless, is that both novels convey incorrupt journeys towards a greater understanding of self and society.By imagineing at a few specific incidents in individu only y novel, the methods with which the authors explore the feeling of happiness can be uncovered. Emma Woodho drill, handsome, clever, and rich, with a relieveable hearthstone and skilful disposition, seemed to unite some of the best(p) blessings of existence and had lived nearly twenty-one years in the gentlemans gentleman with very flyspeck to distress or vex her (Emma p. 5). The spread sentence of Jane Austens novel manages to summarise Emmas business office and history in a few simple words.The indorser is already communicate by the omniscient narrator that this primal character is content and privileged in every aspect that a four-year-old lady could wish for. In comparison, Villette has a very distinct approach. For example, it is not until the secondment chapter that we find out the name of the helper and narrator, Lucy S at one timee. Interesting to note also that the prototypic two chapters are names of characters, Bretton and capital of Minnesotaina, as if the narrator is happy to talk more(prenominal) or less them, exactly reluctant to talk nigh herself.We hear near the people adjoin the narrator, events in the past solely very pocket-sized physical or lineament detail. We are given few clues as to how Lucy feels or thinks about these events well I liked the visit (Villette p. 1) is the only indication of option or opinion. Even by the end of the novel we do not sack out where her home was, and Lucy is unvariedly evasive about places and locations. The reader is left to speculate why this is because of lugubriousness there and desire to forget it? Or perhaps she is ashamed?It is almost as if she does not trust the reader and as a result becomes difficult to like. intimately readers provideing assume that this past, of which Lucy is so vague, holds expectant memories or experiences which set the tone of her character from the start. As a narrator, Lucy is unreliable and the divine revelation that Dr. John and Graham Bre tton are, in fact, the same people, is the prime example of this. I low recognized him on that occasion, noted some(prenominal) chapters bet on, when my unguardedly-fixed attention had drawn me on the discomposure of an implied rebuke (Villette p. 70-1). Only when the reader will find out for themselves, does Lucy tell us that she knew all a abundant. I had preferred to wait the issuing to myself she reasons, I liked entering his posture covered with a cloud he had not seen through with(predicate) with(predicate) (Villette p. 171). This motif of hiding, or existence screened, recurs throughout the novel. Lucy is often seen observing or people watching, preferring to be out of the limelight. However, this changes when she is recruited to be in M. capital of Minnesotas play later one of the lead characters falls ill.Nevertheless, she puts on a performance, a mask, and is not herself. The clothes she wears are mens and by calling other persons lines, Lucy distances herself from that which makes her feel so uncomfortable, her own feelings. It seems as if she is afraid to admit to herself how she feels. By suppressing her emotions and support an almost muted look, Lucy denies herself happiness. This alienation is heightened by her being in Belgium, where she does not speak French initially, by being a Protestant in a Catholic society and through the atmosphere of the Mme.Becks school. disrespect working very closely with the headmistress, Lucy unsounded finds her searching through her be dourings one evening, showing a lack of trust between the characters. Lucys narrative expressive style shows a lot about her unhappiness as a character and surprisingly Emma shares some of these traits. Emma is told through a third-person omniscient narrator, whereas Lucy tells us the story through her own, if somewhat hold in perspective.Austens narrator gives us a wider arithmetic mean on the events at Highbury, although the free-indirect style meaning that t he narrators opinions are sometimes blurred with those of the characters and there is some mimicry of Emmas thoughts and tone. She is a more open character, whom the narrator can considerably display to the reader, and her feelings are more advantageously accessible, on first impression. As Emma is already handsome, clever and rich (Emma p. 1), her happiness is taken for granted, exactly looking a little deeper it is apparent that she is not aboundingy content.The novel is base around a series of shocks for Emma run away Taylors marriage, Mr. Eltons proposal, Frank and Janes engagement, and she seems in a invariant struggle to primary(prenominal)tain a sealed(a) decorum and propriety. It is ironic that Jane Austens novels are so often seen as portrayals of a stagnant society, when Highbury is full of entrances and exits Mrs. Elton, Frank Churchill, Jane Fairfax and Harriet. The proximity to London, peculiarly, does not seem to get under ones skin an effect on the communi ty. Emmas constant need to help others could be interpreted as dissatisfaction within herself. quite of realising her feelings for Mr. chivalric at the beginning of the novel, as so easily could earn occurred, Emma goes through systematic pairing up of her acquaintances, to try and arrange as many couples as possible. It is only when Harriet confides in her regarding her own feelings for gallant that Emma is forced to identify and take up her accompaniment to him. Because she demands a kind of variety and fermentation look cannot supply, Emma allows her fancy and imagination to frame and distort her perception of reality . What Emma eer desires and frequently demands is not simply that her world admire her it must also be as rich and vital and graceful as she feels herself potentially to be . The crux of the matter of the matter, then, is the peculiar way in which Emmas life depends upon and is dedicated to richness and beauty in human experience. (Minter 1966 51) Minter argues that Emma relies on this constant application of herself to try and adapt her surroundings to suit her. In doing this, Emma is attempting to create an environment in which she is truly comfortable not a trait one would follower with a young lady of happy disposition (Emma p. ), but more with slightly sickening and compulsive behaviour. It is as if Emma must have control of the events around her to feel content. This shows a certain extent of self-consciousness and dissatisfaction, reflected most clearly in her thoughts of Jane Fairfax Why she did not like Jane Fairfax might be a difficult question to answer Mr Knightly had once told her it was because she saw in her the truly accomplished young woman, which she wanted to be thought herself. (Emma p. 125)View in this manner, Emma becomes, in essence, a structured action in which Jane Austen renders both the nobility and the dangers, the significance and the consequences of Emmas es judge to force an aesthetic ideal upon her world (Minter 1966 51). As a character, Lucy Snowe is built up in a different way by Charlotte Bronte than Emma is by Jane Austen. By looking at their happiest and low points in each text, the reader has an insight into their extremes of emotion, and how these are created by the authors. Lucy characterises her weakest moments by images of storms and storms.This occurs several times throughout the novel and blurs the situations which Lucy does not want the reader to agnise or understand fully, perhaps because she does not understand herself. This is first seen upon Lucys departure from Bretton I must have somehow travel overboard, or that there must have been wreck at last (Villette p. 30). It is not certain whether Lucy actually embarks on a gravy boat journey or whether she just uses this as an extended metaphor. Bronte adds the scream of the Banshee to lay out the coming of bad news scarper Marchmont dies and leaves Lucy with little money.However, the worst for Lucy pe rsonally is arguably the fall headlong down an abyss (Villette p. 160) after her visit to the church. She has been ill for a long while and her soul leaves her body hoping to leave for rest (Villette p. 160). The reunion of the two is a particularly painful image, a frame of racking struggle, with pain, with reluctance (Villette p. 161). Villettes final chapter is the most equivocal sequence of the whole text, in which Lucy almost leaves the conclusion of the novel down to the reader. Reader, they were the one-third happiest years of my life.Do you scout the riddle? Listen (Villette p. 488), she appeals to us. Whether M. Paul is killed in a tempest on his return is not overtly stated, though the image of the storm once again would imply that he does. If the past triplet years were the happiest, then it follows that these are now unhappy times. As with the beginning of the novel, Lucy finishes by telling us what happened to other characters, but not herself Madame Beck prospered all the days of her life so did Pire Silas Madame Walravens fulfilled her ninetieth year before she died.Farewell (Villette p. 491). With a similar style of description and attitude, it is as if Lucy Snowe has come full circle she is just as happy at the end of the novel, as at the start, or there seems no obtrusive difference. Victor Hugo wrote in Les Miserables that lifes greatest happiness is to be convinced we are loved (1862) and it is this conception that gives Lucy the highest moment in Villette. She says that her love for M. Paul gave me much(prenominal) pleasure as, certainly, I had ever felt (Villette p. 403). Emmas happiest moment comes with similar thoughts on Mr.Knightley, but also a revelation about herself and her own actions How long had Mr. Knightley been so dearly to her, as every feeling now declared him now to be? When had his influence, such influence begun? (Emma p. 312). This sequence comes with a long set of rhetorical questions in which Emma begins to s ee her flaws perhaps this is the ultimate happiness for her? Mahatma Ghandi is often famously quoted as saying, Happiness is when what you think, what you say and what you do are in harmony1 and this can be seen clearly in the closedown chapters of Emma.Finally Emma is settled in herself knows how she feels, is able to talk openly and does, of course, eventually splice Mr. Knightley. What totally different feelings did Emma take back into the house from what she had brought out she had then been only daring to hope for a little respite of suffering now in an exquisite flutter of happiness and such happiness, moreover, as she believed must still be greater when the flutter should have passed away. (Emma p. 328) Emmas reception is markedly different from Lucys. Her language is more descriptive and appears fast, almost as if she cannot keep up with what her mind is thinking.The narrator here sounds just like the character of Emma, utter rapidly with the use of many ecphonesis m arks. Lucy falters, questions M. Pauls affections and seems unsure of the situation. I was content, she states (Villette p. 403) compared to Emmas state of spirits (Emma p. 328). Emmas hardhearted comments to Miss Bates at the picnic however, blusher her in a very different light Ah Maam, but there whitethorn be a difficulty. Pardon me but you will be limited as to a number only cardinal at once (Emma p. 280).This can be seen as Emmas most unkind and lowest moment in the text, she had never been so depressed (Emma p. 284) it is a necessary addition that makes her realise how badly she has behaved, although requiring a little help from Mr. Knightley. Throughout Emma and Villette, Austen and Bronte shape their main characters with the use of these dramatic highs and lows, which alter their perceptions and also the readers perceptions of them. By using specifically chosen language, the feelings and emotions of Lucy Snowe and Emma Woodhouse are made apparent and so the reader can s hare in their satisfy and depression.Jane Austens novel appears overall a happier text, condescension the continual failings of Emmas matchmaking, and ends positively with both Emma and Harriet acquiring married, and Harriet discovering her parentage. Although their marriages are well paired, with men who will complete them, the reader cannot help inquiring whether marriage and money will endlessly create perfect happiness (Emma p. 367). Villette on the other hand, ends just as mournfully as it begins, with very little defined ending.It could be argued that Lucy Snowe finds an inner peace with herself, after enjoying triad happy years, despite not having M. Paul with her. Perhaps knowing she is loved is enough, and so with this and the solitary life which has given her comfort throughout the novel, Lucy can be settled. With her prosperous school as financial security, Lucy does not require anything more she has stability and security, that which she has lacked from a young age . Though the storm imagery, if consistent with the rest of Brontes novel, indicates further change, we are not given any clues as to how this will transpire.With so many novels of this era, both Emma and Villette look at the difficulty of a woman finding true happiness in such a patriarchal society. Kate Millett argued that Villette was likewise subversive to be popular (1977140), accurate considering the consistency of many novels of the time. Emma, for example, still allows a happy ending and a marriage, despite the main characters actions throughout. In creating this alternative style, Charlotte Bronte shows happiness through a perhaps more real perspective, rather than Austens romanticised, happily-ever-after story.